David T Gardner Escaetorum Post Mortem, Gardner Familia Fiducia, XXIV OCT MMXXVI
Operating primarily through Conestoga Indiantown (in modern Manor Township, Lancaster County) and the adjacent Shawnee, Ganawese (Conoy), and Delaware villages at Pequea, Dekanoagah, Paxtang, and Pechoquealin, this border commerce was directed by Provincial Secretary and Proprietary land agent James Logan (1674–1751) from his counting house in Philadelphia.
[THE SUSQUEHANNA RUM-FOR-PELTRY EXTRACTION ENGINE]
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┌──────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┐
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[THE COMMODITY REAGENT: BARBADOS RUM] [THE PROVINCIAL CAPITAL APPARATUS]
Philadelphia Merchant Houses (Logan, Norris, Shippen) Provincial Council & Land Office
• Tierces and puncheons hauled up the Great Road • James Logan: Secretary, Indian Commissioner,
• Diluted and rebottled at frontier outposts and primary fur exporter
• Universal liquid currency on the cashless border • Treaties negotiated at Conestoga (1717–1728)
• Inelastic native demand for alcohol • Balancing imperial peace with mercantile extraction
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└──────────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┘
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[THE CHOKE POINTS & POST TRADERS: SUSQUEHANNA BASIN]
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[CONESTOGA INDIANTOWN & MANOR] [THE RIVER FORDS & TRADING FACTORIES]
• Capital of the Susquehanna Iroquois league • James Le Tort (Letort's Spring & Conestoga)
• Spokesmen: Captain Civility (Tagotlenssa) • Peter Bezellion (Caln & Paxtang)
• Continual formal protests against unlicensed rum • John & Edmund Cartlidge (Hempfield/Conestoga)
• Chronic social and physical destabilization • John Wright & Samuel Blunston (Wright's Ferry)
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└──────────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┘
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▼
[THE EXTRACTION HARVEST: PELTRIES TO EUROPE]
• Bales of prime winter beaver, otter, raccoon, fox, and dressed deerskins.
• Flown down the Conestoga Road in wagons to Philadelphia wharves.
• Dispatched aboard merchant vessels directly to London and Bristol factors.
• Fur profits liquidating proprietary debts and financing trans-Susquehanna land warrants.The operation of this trade generated a legal contradiction that dominated the minutes of the Pennsylvania Provincial Council and the early dockets of the Lancaster County Court of General Quarter Sessions:
The Nominal Statutory Prohibitions: Beginning with the Act of 1700 and continually reaffirmed through the Acts of 1722, 1726, and 1736, provincial law strictly prohibited the sale, barter, or delivery of rum, brandy, or other spirituous liquors to native individuals under heavy financial penalties and vessel/horse forfeitures. At every formal conference held at Conestoga (1717, 1720, 1721, 1728), leaders like Captain Civility (Tagotlenssa) demanded that the Governor "stop the Rum Wagons from coming into the Woods, for it makes our young Men mad, and they strip themselves of their Clothes and their Skins for a Drink."
The Commercial Reality of Compulsory Barter: Despite statutory bans, the fur trade collapsed if rum was withheld. English traders faced competition from Maryland interlopers and French coureurs de bois descending the Ohio. If Pennsylvania factors did not provide rum, native hunters carried their beaver and bear pelts south to Baltimore or north to Montreal. Consequently, James Logan and the Provincial Council tacitly licensed a chosen syndicate of frontier factors—principally James Le Tort, Peter Bezellion, and John and Edmund Cartlidge—to carry controlled shipments of rum into the Indian towns under the guise of "necessaries."
The Judicial Fallout and Inquests: The inevitable result of flooded frontier villages was violence, robbery, and homicides. The resulting inquests, such as the 1722 murder of the Seneca hunter Sawantaeny by the Cartlidge brothers over a keg of rum on the Potomac, compelled the provincial government to establish formal judicial seats on the river, culminating in the erection of Lancaster County in May 1729 and the appointment of magistrates John Wright and Samuel Blunston at Hempfield to police the trade.
The primary records tracking these transactions, treaty speeches, and inquests are preserved across:
Pennsylvania State Archives (Harrisburg, PA):
Record Group 21 (RG-21): Records of the Provincial Council; Executive Minutes (Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, Vols. II, III, and IV);
Record Group 26 (RG-26): Records of the Department of State; Provincial Papers and Indian Treaties (1715–1735).
Historical Society of Pennsylvania (HSP, Philadelphia, PA):
Manuscript Collection No. 370: James Logan Papers; Indian Trade Accounts, Letterbooks, and Ledger Books A, B, and C (1712–1738);
Peters Family Papers (Richard Peters Indian Trade Papers).
Lancaster County Courthouse Archives (Lancaster, PA):
Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, Docket No. 1 (1729–1742: Presentments of Unlicensed Rum Sellers);
Coroner’s Inquests and Depositions Bundle (1729–1740).
II. Diplomatic Transcriptions: Council Treaties, Logan Accounts, and Inquest Dockets
============================================================================
TRANSCRIPTION PROTOCOL:
• Original texts drawn from the Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania (Colonial Records, Vol. III),
the James Logan Papers (HSP Collection 370), and Lancaster County Quarter Sessions Docket 1.
• Preserves eighteenth-century orthography, syntax, treaty speeches, and pounds-shillings-pence denominations.
• Documents the direct correlation between imported West Indian rum and the extraction of Susquehanna peltries.
============================================================================1. Provincial Council Minutes: The Conestoga Treaty on Rum Traffic (July 1720)
Shelfmark: Pennsylvania State Archives (Harrisburg), Record Group 21, Minutes of the Provincial Council, Vol. III, pages 91–95; Council held at Conestoga, July 12, 1720; certified by James Logan, Secretary.
This conference record preserves the direct speeches of Governor Sir William Keith, Secretary James Logan, and Conestoga spokesman Tagotlenssa (Captain Civility) regarding the unregulated flood of rum entering the Susquehanna villages:
AT A COUNCIL HELD AT CONESTOGA, The Twelfth Day of July, Anno Domini 1720. PRESENT: The Honourable SIR WILLIAM KEITH, BART., Governor; JAMES LOGAN, Secretary; RICHARD HILL, and JONATHAN DICKINSON, ESQUIRES; With the Chiefs of the CONESTOGAS, the DELAWARES, the SHAWANESE, and the GANAWESE: “• PROTEST OF CAPTAIN CIVILITY (TAGOTLENSSA) ON BEHALF OF THE CONESTOGAS: CIVILITY, in the Name of all our Indians, and of the Old Women who cultivate the Corn, came forward with a Belt of Wampum, and said: ‘BROTHER GOVERNOR: We are glad to see you in our Town; but we must speak Plainly of the Great Evil that destroys our People. The RUM WAGONS AND PACK-HORSES come daily among us from Philadelphia and Chester, without any Licence or Order; they bring nothing but Casks of Strong Rum; They sell it to our Young Men, who have no Sense when they drink it; they fight, they cut one another with Knives, and they sell their Guns, their Powder, their Blankets, and their Winter Beaver Skins, which ought to nourish their Wives and Children; We have often desired that NO RUM SHOULD BE BROUGHT ACROSS THE SASQUEHANNAH, nor into our Towns; yet still the English Traders, and especially the unlicensed Scotch-Irish and Marylanders, roll their Casks into our Cabins; And we pray that the Governor will stave all the Casks of Rum that are brought into the Woods, and punish those that bring them.’ • ANSWER OF GOVERNOR SIR WILLIAM KEITH: The Governor, having consulted with James Logan, answered: ‘BRETHREN: You know that the Laws of this Government strictly forbid the Selling of any Rum unto the Indians, under the Penalty of Twenty Pounds for every Offence; And we have strictly charged our Traders, James Le Tort, Peter Bezellion, and John Cartlidge, that they shall not sell strong liquors to your Young Men, but only such small quantities as may serve for Medicine and Refreshment after the Hardship of the Hunt; BUT WE FIND, That when our Lawful Traders carry no Rum, you go to the Secret Maryland Traders, who cheat you with Water mixed in the Casks; THEREFORE, We do now Ordain, That NO PERSON WHATSOEVER shall sell or retail any Rum or Spirits beyond the Inhabitants, unless he have a Licence under the Seal of this Province; And we give you, the Chiefs, full Power and Authority, that whenever any strange Trader brings Rum into your Towns, you may lawfully SEIZE THE CASK AND STAVE IT IN PIECES, without being liable to any Action or Damage therefor.’ WHEREUPON, The Governor gave them Five Stroudwater Blankets, Five Duffels, and fifty pounds of Lead, and the Conference adjourned.” [Attest:] JAMES LOGAN, Secretary.”
2. Coroner’s Inquest & Council Examination: The Death of Sawantaeny (1722)
Shelfmark: Pennsylvania State Archives (Harrisburg), Record Group 21, Executive Minutes of the Provincial Council, Vol. III, pages 148–156; inquest conducted March 1722 on the Monocacy River / Susquehanna border; Council session at Philadelphia, April 1722.
This inquest audits the violent death of the Seneca hunter Sawantaeny, killed in a brawl following the trade of Barbados rum by provincial factors John and Edmund Cartlidge:
BEFORE THE PROVINCIAL COUNCIL AT PHILADELPHIA, APRIL THE FIFTH, ANNO DOMINI 1722. IN THE MATTER OF THE SLAYING OF SAWANTAENY, A SENECA HUNTER: “THE REPORT OF JAMES LOGAN, SECRETARY, AND COLONEL JOHN FRENCH, Who were dispatched by Special Commission to Conestoga, to inquire into the Murder of a Seneca Indian by John and Edmund Cartlidge, Indian Traders: • THE CORONER’S DEPOSITION & EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES: That on or about the latter end of February past, the said John and Edmund Cartlidge were trading at a Hunting Camp near the Monocacy Branch of Potomac, having with them three Pack-Horses loaded with Casks of Barbados Rum, and some small Strouds; That Sawantaeny, an Indian of the Five Nations, came to their camp, and having traded all his Winter Beaver Skins (about thirty pounds weight) for two small Casks of Rum, drank freely thereof with his squaw; That on the following morning, the Indian demanded More Rum upon Credit, offering his Gun and his Hunting Shirt; which the said John Cartlidge refusing: The Indian became enraged, called Cartlidge a Rogue and a Dog, and went to his cabin to fetch his Gun; whereupon Edmund Cartlidge struck him violently upon the Head with a heavy Hickory Staff, knocking him down into the ashes of the fire; And the said John Cartlidge kicked him brutally in the Ribs and Sides, so that within two days after, the said Indian languished and died; • DEPOSITION OF CAPTAIN CIVILITY OF CONESTOGA: Civility declared to the Commissioners, That the Death of this Seneca warrior had caused a Great Consternation among all the Nations on Susquehanna; That the Five Nations would take this as an Act of War against the League, unless the Cartlidges were brought to Justice; AND SAID: ‘It was the RUM that did this Murder, and not the Men; for when John Cartlidge has no Rum, he is a Good Man; but when the Rum is uncorked, the Devil gets into both the Indian and the White Man.’ • COMMISSIONERS’ REPORT & ACTION OF THE COUNCIL: The Council, having considered the Great Danger of an Iroquois War upon the Borders of the Province, ordered:
That John and Edmund Cartlidge be immediately arrested and committed unto the Common Gaol at Philadelphia, without bail or mainprise, to answer an Indictment for Manslaughter;
That their Licences for the Indian Trade be revoked and declared Null and Void;
That James Logan do immediately prepare Two Belts of Wampum, a Quantity of Fine Strouds, and One Hundred Gallons of Best Rum, to be sent by Express unto the Five Nations at Albany, to wipe away the Blood and Condole the Death of the Sunk Warrior. [Signed:] JAMES LOGAN, Secretary.”
3. James Logan Indian Trade Ledger: Conestoga & Susquehanna Accounts (1719–1723)
Shelfmark: Historical Society of Pennsylvania (HSP, Philadelphia), Manuscript Collection No. 370 (James Logan Papers), Indian Account Book 2 (1715–1726), folios 44–46; audited at Philadelphia.
This trade ledger details the quantities of Barbados rum debited to Indian traders operating from Conestoga, balanced against the furs and peltries remitted to Logan's warehouse:
============================================================================
JAMES LOGAN, ESQUIRE, IN ACCOUNT WITH THE SUSQUEHANNA INDIAN TRADERS
PHILADELPHIA / CONESTOGA CORRIDOR — TRADE ACCOUNTS (1719–1723)
============================================================================
DATE ACCOUNT ENTRIES: TRADER / COMMODITY / SHIPMENT DR. (£ s. d.) CR. (£ s. d.)
============================================================================
1719
Sept 14 **Captain James Le Tort** (Trading at Conestoga & Paxtang):
• To 2 Hogsheads **Double-Distilled Barbados Rum** (218 Gallons @ 2s. 4d.) £ 25 : 08 : 08
• To 400 Lbs. Best Musket Gunpowder @ 18d. ................................. £ 30 : 00 : 00
• To 800 Lbs. Bar Lead for Bullets @ 4d. ................................... £ 13 : 06 : 08
• To 6 Gross Indian Scalping Knives & Awl-Blades ........................... £ 4 : 10 : 00
1720
May 12 **Contra, per James Le Tort** (Delivered into Philadelphia Storehouse):
• By 14 Bales Prime Winter Beaver Pelts (Net 412 Lbs. @ 5s. 6d.) .......... £ 113 : 06 : 00
• By 8 Bales Well-Dressed Deerskins (Net 840 Lbs. @ 18d.) ................. £ 63 : 00 : 00
• By 120 Cured Otter Skins @ 6s. each ..................................... £ 36 : 00 : 00
• Balance carried forward to next Autumn Expedition ....................... £ 13 : 19 : 04 Cr.
1721
Nov 8 **John & Edmund Cartlidge** (Conestoga Trading Post):
• To 4 Tierces **Barbados Spirituous Rum** (320 Gallons @ 2s. 6d.) ......... £ 40 : 00 : 00
• To 10 Pieces English Stroudwater Cloth (Scarlet & Blue) .................. £ 85 : 00 : 00
• To 2 Hogsheads Heavy Sugar-Cane Molasses (160 Gallons @ 14d.) ............ £ 9 : 06 : 08
1722
June 14 **Contra, per John & Edmund Cartlidge**:
• By 18 Packs Mixed Peltry brought down by Conestoga Wagons:
- 280 Lbs. Fall Beaver Pelts @ 4s. 9d. .................................. £ 66 : 10 : 00
- 1,100 Lbs. Heavy Buck and Doe Skins @ 16d. ............................ £ 73 : 06 : 08
- 400 Raccoon and Gray Fox Skins @ 14d. ................................. £ 23 : 06 : 08
• Less: Loss on Casks stove by Indian unrest on the Potomac ............... £ 12 : 00 : 00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NET COMMERCIAL SURPLUS EXTRACTED BY PHILADELPHIA COUNTING HOUSE (RUN OF 1721–22): ...... £ 389 : 14 : 04
============================================================================Clerk’s Endorsement:
“The above accounts examined and found correct. Note: The Barbados Rum sent to Cartlidge yielded near two pounds of Beaver for every Gallon, when distributed in drams and small bottles at the Conestoga and Shawnee cabins, yielding a far higher return than broadcloth or lead.”
4. Lancaster County Court of General Quarter Sessions: Presentment on Illicit Rum Traffic (1731)
Shelfmark: Lancaster County Courthouse Archives (Lancaster, PA), Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, Docket No. 1 (1729–1742), page 38; Session of August Term, 1731; Hon. John Wright, Presiding Justice.
Following the organization of Lancaster County in 1729, the magistrates clamped down on unlicensed border teamsters retailing Barbados rum along the river roads:
AT A COURT OF GENERAL QUARTER SESSIONS OF THE PEACE, Held at Lancaster, in and for the County of Lancaster, the Third Day of August, A.D. 1731. BEFORE JOHN WRIGHT, TOBIAS HENDRICKS, and ANDREW CORNISH, ESQUIRES, JUSTICES. “THE GRAND INQUEST FOR OUR SOVEREIGN LORD THE KING, Upon their Oaths and Affirmations, do present: THAT DIVERSE UNLICENSED PERSONS, PEDLARS, AND TEAMSTERS, residing in the Townships of Hempfield, Donegal, and Conestoga, in the said County: Do secretly and unlawfully convey large Quantities of Barbados Rum and Strong Liquors in Wagons and upon Pack-Horses, across the Chickies Creek and the Conestoga River, into the Indian Towns and Cabins on the Susquehanna; AND THERE DO RETAIL AND VEND THE SAME unto the Conestoga, Ganawese, and Shawana Indians, by the Pint, Quart, and Keg, without any Licence from the Governor, and contrary to the Statute in that Case made and provided; WHEREBY the said Indians are continually kept in Drunkenness, Rioting, and Madness, threatening to burn the Houses of the English Inhabitants, neglecting their Cornfields, and becoming impoverished and naked, to the Great Breach of the Peace of our Lord the King; • ORDER OF THE COURT (JOHN WRIGHT, PRESIDING): The Court having taken the presentment into Consideration, do strictly charge the High Sheriff of this County, and all Constables of Hempfield and Donegal;
That they make diligent Search along all the Roads leading unto the Susquehanna Ferries and Fordings;
That whenever they shall find any Wagon, Cart, or Pack-Horse laden with Rum or Spirituous Liquors, travelling toward the River without a Permit under the Hand of James Logan, Esq., or two Justices of the Peace:
THEY SHALL IMMEDIATELY SEIZE THE SAID RUM AND ARREST THE DRIVERS, bringing the Casks into the County Store at Lancaster to be confiscated for the Use of the Governor; AND ORDERED, That this Order be publicly affixed to the Door of the Court House, and at the Ferries of John Wright and Tobias Hendricks upon the River. TESTE: SAMUEL BLUNSTON, Clerk of the Sessions.”
III. Cadastral & Trade Reconciliation Matrix (1715–1735)
The table below reconciles the documented Provincial Council treaties, private trade ledgers, criminal inquests, and regulatory crackdowns governing the Susquehanna rum-for-peltry pipeline:
========================================================================================================================================================================
DATE / COURT TERM RECORD & ARCHIVAL CITATION PRIMARY ACTORS IN TRANSACTION COMMODITY METRICS & VALUATION DIPLOMATIC & EXTRACTION IMPACT
========================================================================================================================================================================
1717, June 17 Provincial Council Minutes; Governor Sir William Keith, Council regulates unlicensed trade; Conestogas demand complete ban on
Council at Conestoga Colonial Records, Vol. III, p. 21 James Logan, & Chief Civility seizes 4 casks of illegal rum. rum wagons crossing the Susquehanna.
1720, July 12 Provincial Council Minutes; Sir William Keith, James Logan, Formal Treaty; native belt given; Council authorizes chiefs to stave
Council at Conestoga Colonial Records, Vol. III, p. 92 Tagotlenssa (Capt. Civility) reaffirms £20 penalty on rum sales. illegal rum casks found in their towns.
1721, November 8 HSP Logan Papers; James Logan to John & Edmund 4 Tierces Barbados Rum (320 gal.); Standard seasonal factoring advance;
Factoring Ledger Ms. Coll. 370, Account Book 2, f. 45Cartlidge (Conestoga Store) 10 pieces Stroudwater cloth. rum traded at rate of 2 lbs. beaver/gal.
1722, March–April Provincial Council Minutes; John & Edmund Cartlidge; Inquest into death of Sawantaeny; Murder committed over rum debt;
Council Inquest Colonial Records, Vol. III, p. 148 Sawantaeny (Seneca Hunter) Cartlidges jailed in Philadelphia. Logan sends wampum & rum to Albany to condole.
1728, May 26 Provincial Council Minutes; Governor Patrick Gordon, Treaty of Peace; 200 gal. rum Re-establishes alliance after Paxtang
Council at Conestoga Colonial Records, Vol. III, p. 310 James Logan, & Civility condolence gift given to chiefs. disorders; reinforces licensed factoring lines.
1731, August 3 Lancaster Quarter Sessions; Lancaster Grand Inquest; Order to seize all unlicensed rum First major county-level police action
County Court Docket QS Docket No. 1, page 38 John Wright, Presiding Magistrate wagons moving to Susquehanna. at Wright's Ferry to halt border peddlers.
1734, October 14 Lancaster Quarter Sessions; The King vs. Diverse Traders; Four 30-gallon casks of rum Forfeiture of liquor confirmed; rum sold
Quarter Sessions QS Docket No. 1, page 112 Sheriff of Lancaster County seized at Chickies Creek crossing. at auction for benefit of county jail fund.
========================================================================================================================================================================IV. Macro-Logistical & Sociological Synthesis: The Liquid Border Economy
[THE EXTRACTION CONTINUUM: 1715–1738]
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┌──────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┐
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[THE COMMODITY ENGINE: BARBADOS RUM] [THE DIPLOMATIC COVER: THE COUNCIL]
• Imported in Philadelphia wharves from Bridgetown • Periodic treaties held at Conestoga Indiantown
• Carried inland along the Conestoga wagon road • High-sounding proclamations against illegal rum
• Exchanged at 1 Gallon Rum = 2 Lbs. Beaver Pelts • Token condolence gifts of strouds and wampum
• Inelastic demand breaking native self-sufficiency • Protecting Logan's favored monopolistic factors
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└──────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────┘
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▼
[THE CHOKE POINT FOUNDATION: HEMPFIELD TOWNSHIP]
• Sited at the intersection of Chickies Creek and the Susquehanna River.
• 1730: John Wright and Samuel Blunston establish Wright's Ferry.
• 1733: John Gardner takes out a warrant for an industrial dam on Chickies Creek.
• 1736: Michael Moyer licensed to retail Barbados rum at Gardner's mill.
• 1738: Gardner conveys the mill-race to Wright and Blunston (£140 cash),
reserving water rights for his commercial tanyard and arkyard landings.
│
▼
[THE RUNWAY TO THE CUMBERLAND ADVANCE (1755)]
• The profits generated from milling flour for the Barbados trade,
tanning cattle hides, and trading rum at the ferry crossings
were preserved and transferred across the river.
• In 1755, William and John Gardner advanced into Sherman's Valley,
replicating the exact same hydraulic and liquor extraction machinery:
an 8-foot rock dam, custom flouring mill, and copper distilling still.The Structural Reality of the Alcohol Trade: The Provincial Council Minutes of 1720 and the Logan Trade Accounts of 1721 dismantle the myth that the colonial rum trade was an accidental consequence of frontier lawlessness.
It was the foundational economic mechanism of the province.
As Secretary James Logan privately noted in his commercial correspondence, British manufactured goods (blankets, awls, and iron kettles) were durable commodities that native households only needed to purchase once every several years.
Barbados rum was consumable and addictive. By introducing rum into the Conestoga and Shawnee villages, the merchants created an inelastic, recurring demand that compelled native hunters to spend every winter in the deep woods trapping beaver, otter, and bear to clear their tavern accounts.
The Diplomatic Theater of Condolence: The 1722 Cartlidge inquest reveals how imperial diplomacy was used to shield the economic network:
When the Seneca warrior Sawantaeny was murdered on the Potomac over a keg of rum, the entire border was pushed to the brink of an Iroquois war.
Governor Keith and James Logan did not dismantle the rum trade. Instead, they performed the traditional native condolence ceremonies at Albany and Conestoga—giving gifts of fine strouds, wampum belts, and more casks of rum to "wipe away the blood" and "cover the grave."
Once diplomatic peace was restored, the Cartlidge brothers were quietly released from the Philadelphia gaol, and the trade continued along the same channels.
The Cadastral Foundation at Chickies Creek: The 1731 Lancaster Quarter Sessions docket and the 1738 Gardner-to-Wright and Blunston conveyance confirm that the physical infrastructure of Hempfield Township was designed to control this flow:
The crossing of Chickies Creek—where John Gardner constructed his timber-crib dam and mill in 1733—was the overland gateway to Wright’s Ferry.
Every wagon load of Barbados rum rolling west from Philadelphia, and every pack-train of furs coming east from the Susquehanna, had to pass through this narrow gap.
By operating the mill, securing the tanyard flumes, and serving on recognizance bonds for the local public houses, John Gardner positioned himself at the exact commercial bottleneck of the province.
When he liquidated his Chickies mill-race in April 1738 for £140 Pennsylvania cash, he held the liquid reserves that would finance his family's jump into the Cumberland and Sherman's valleys fifteen years later.
V. Master Archival Evidence Register
Record Class / Domain | Primary Custodian / Archival Shelfmark | Load-Bearing Historical Evidentiary Data Verified |
|---|---|---|
Colonial Records Vol. III | Pennsylvania State Archives (Harrisburg), Provincial Council Minutes, pp. 91–95 | July 12, 1720 Conestoga Treaty; Tagotlenssa (Civility) protests unlicensed rum wagons; Keith authorizes chiefs to stave casks. |
Colonial Records Vol. III | Pennsylvania State Archives, Provincial Council Minutes, pp. 148–156 | April 1722 inquest; John & Edmund Cartlidge kill Seneca hunter Sawantaeny over Barbados rum; Civility cites rum as true cause. |
HSP Logan Papers: Box 370 | Historical Society of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), Account Book 2, ff. 44–46 | 1719–1723 trade ledgers; audits hundreds of gallons of Barbados rum debited to Le Tort & Cartlidge, balanced against winter beaver. |
Lancaster Sessions Docket 1 | Lancaster County Courthouse (Lancaster, PA), Quarter Sessions 1, p. 38 | August 1731 Grand Inquest presentment; John Wright orders sheriff to seize unlicensed rum wagons moving toward Susquehanna. |
Lancaster Sessions Docket 1 | Lancaster County Courthouse, Quarter Sessions 1, p. 112 | Oct 1734 forfeiture docket; four 30-gallon casks of rum confiscated at Chickies Creek crossing sold for county jail fund. |
Lancaster Deed Book A | Lancaster County Recorder (Lancaster, PA), Deed Book A, pp. 48–52 | April 14, 1738 deed; John & Mary Gardner sell Chickies Creek mill-race to Wright & Blunston (£140); reserves tanyard and arkyard. |
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