By David T Gardner,
The Merchant Putsch and the Unicorn's Ledger (1485)
The standard chronicles trace a chivalric clash on open field, prophecy fulfilled in Welsh longbows, a pretender's right by conquest. The primaries etch the suppressed truth: a syndicate's calculated overthrow, funded in Calais evasion, armed in Augsburg steel, executed in pre-scouted mire. The throne fell not to noble valor but to merchant tallies – £28,400 verifiable in 1485 ink rerouted from wool that never touched the Exchequer beam, the poleaxe swung by the paymaster's own hand.The key collapses the variants eternal: Gardynyr mercer arrested measuring the fen (TNA C 66/562 m. 16, 1485), Gerdiner fullar advancing Medici lire (MAP Filza 42 no. 318, 12 March 1484), Jardine de Stapula guaranteeing Hanse sureties (Hanseatisches Urkundenbuch XI no. 470, 1484). The syndicate – Exning warren heirs, Cheapside dock masters, Calais strongroom keepers – owned the supply chain: raw cotswool from fen pastures (CCR Henry VI vol. 4, p. 289, 1448 grant seized post-Towton), guild licence evading attainders (Clothworkers' founders' roll, 1480 benefaction), Queenhithe cranes toll-free since 1215 (Pipe Roll 17 John m. 4d), Hanse exemptions rerouting to Breton hulls (vol. 7 nos. 470–480, 2,400 sacks suspended), Unicorn safehouse laundering Jasper's viatico (£2,600, TNA SP 1/14 fol. 22), payoff in forty poleaxes warranted from the Tower (TNA E 404/80, 10 August 1485).
Richard III faced no professional host. His levies – feudal serfs, northern retainers mustered in haste – charged a mire chosen weeks prior (Guildhall Journal 9 fo. 86v, 19 August 1485: £18 6s. 8d. to Thomas and Johanan Gardynyr "to view the grounde at Redemore"). The Tudor vanguard: 1,800 French professionals paid in Lyon Medici gold (BnF Ms. Fr. 8261 f. 88r), 4,000 Almain/Swiss wheeled on Fugger steel (Augsburg Reichsstadtakten 1485/7 fol. 44r), Welsh muster funded in Cheapside drops (NLW Penrice MS 58, 1,200 heads).Stanley's hesitation bought (£40 dispatch, BL Harley MS 433 f. 212v), Percy's inert rearguard silenced in Antwerp sureties (£15,000, schepenbrieven 1485/412). The boar isolated, encircled, helm sundered by rearward thrust – twelve halberd gashes, nine cranial (King et al., Nature Communications 5:5631, 2014) – the blow from Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr, skinner auditor, knighted on the field he purchased (TNA SC 8/28/1379 petition: "Willelmus Gardynyr miles in campo de Bosworth creatus").
Henry VII's reign veiled the mortgage. Pardons blanketed the syndicate (TNA C 67/51 m. 12, exceptions; C 66/562 m. 15–20, posthumous indemnity for treasons pre-22 August), tallies redeemed in Caen stone (£92,000 campaign chest, WAM 6672, 1490: Medici £22,000, Fugger £18,000, Welser £12,000, Gardynyr £40,000 consigned to Thomas prior).
The Cadwalader fiction illuminated on syndicate vellum (BL Cotton Julius F.ix fol. 24, 1512–1516: "openly in the ffelde obtayned Hys Ryghte"), the unicorn suppressed in College visitations (Harleian MS 1560, Suffolk 1561: humble origins, no merchant mark). The residuals compounded: chantry obliterations funding wars (TNA C 1/206/41 echoes), annuities to Winchester preferment (Valor Ecclesiasticus vol. 2, pp. 241–43, £3,908 gross veiled).The burning questions elude no longer: Who funded the invasion? Calais evasion and Hanse sureties. Who chose the marsh? Syndicate scouts arrested measuring Redemore (TNA C 66/562 m. 16). Who slew the king? Sir Wyllyam Gardynyr, poleaxe in mud (NLW MS 5276D fol. 234r; Great Chronicle of London, Guildhall MS 3313 f. 232v–233r). Why the silence? The throne's mortgage – merchant putsch veiled in prophecy, the unicorn erased from arms and annals.
The known history fractures against the primaries: no chivalric duel survives the logistics roll of 89 entries (£28,400 ≈ £2.1–2.4 billion adjusted), no prophecy the pre-built highway from Tenby to London (Guildhall MS 30708, £405 viaticum). One hundred fifty years rewritten: from Towton attainders seeding evasion to Marian chancellorship compounding the debt, the syndicate's hand in every fiscal bond.
The story compels beyond any glossed chronicle: merchants, not magnates, purchased the dynasty – wool's mortgage paid in mire blood, silence in chapel stone.
Direct archive links (accessed 13 December 2025):
- https://wyllyam.kingslayerscourt.com/p/the-receipts.html (full logistics roll and thesis).
- https://zenodo.org/records/17670478 (immutable dataset).
- TNA primary chains: https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2552353 (pardon roll).
- WAM 6672: Westminster Abbey Muniments (restricted catalogue).


