David T Gardner Escaetorum Post Mortem, Gardner Familia Fiducia, XI MAY MMXXVI
Source: Will proved Lambeth, February 4, 1489 (three parchment pieces + probate, sealed by Archbishop; earlier portion missing). Abstracted verbatim in Estcourt,
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries 1 (1867): 355–357; full text in PROB 11/8/367 (TNA Discovery). Cross-referenced with Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem,
Henry VII, vol. 1 (1898), 117; Beaven, Aldermen of London (1908), 250–254.
We begin with every individual named or implied in Richard Gardiner’s will, including executors, overseers, legatees, remaindermen, wards, and contingent heirs. All details preserved.
Every person explicitly named or implied in the will:
Audry (Etheldreda / Ethelreda) Cotton – second wife, life tenant of all manors & London tenements, executrix, guardian of ward Giles Alington, later married Sir
Gilbert Talbot 1490.
Mary Gardiner (later Lady Mary Alington) – only daughter & heir, aged 6+ in 1490, inherits in tail after mother.
Joan Berton (Barton) – step-daughter (Audry’s child by first husband Thomas Barton), remainderman in tail.
John Berton (Barton) – step-son, remainderman in tail.
Catherine Berton (Barton) – step-daughter, remainderman in tail (order Catherine → Joan → John for the Carbonells/Stystedys land).
Giles Alington (Sir Giles Alington of Horseheath) – ward of Richard Gardiner, ordained to marry Mary Gardiner.
George Alington – Giles’s younger brother, contingent husband for Mary if Giles dies first.
Margery Alington – sister of Giles & George, ward to Audry if both brothers die underage.
John Partriche – brother of Richard Gardiner.
Agnes Lollym (? Lolham) – sister of Richard Gardiner.
Elizabeth Wing (Wynge) – sister of Richard Gardiner.
Marion Massam – sister of Richard Gardiner.
Richard Massam – cousin of Richard Gardiner.
Catherine White – cousin of Richard Gardiner (and her children).
William Massam – cousin of Richard Gardiner, Prior of Durham & Blyth.
Elizabeth Massam – cousin of Richard Gardiner (if unmarried).
Elizabeth Wynge – cousin of Richard Gardiner.
William Hamshire – relative (his children mentioned).
Agnes Rolff of Burwell – relative (her children mentioned).
Jerom Clyfford – cousin of Richard Gardiner (“to finde hym to scole, or to sette him prentice, or to make him a man of religion,” £10).
Dame Alice Hamptone – vowess of Haliwell Priory, legatee (£10).
John Tate – Alderman of London, co-executor.
John Heigham – gentleman, overseer of the will.
William Heigham, clerk – joint feoffee of the manor of Westley Waterless.
Sir William Fyndern, knight – joint feoffee of lands in Horseheath & Shudy Camps.
Thomas Cotton, esquire – joint feoffee of lands in Horseheath & Shudy Camps.
Clement Higham, gentleman – joint feoffee of lands in Horseheath & Shudy Camps.
Richard Higham, gentleman – joint feoffee of lands in Horseheath & Shudy Camps.
Elyn – first wife of Richard Gardiner, buried with him at St Pancras Soper Lane.
Footnote Expansion (Verbatim Excerpts from Will Abstract):
"He directs that, after his decease, his manor of Westlewaterle... should remain to Audry, hie wife, for life, and then to his daughter Mary, in tail; with
remainder to Joan Berton, daughter to his wife Audry, in tail; with remainder to John Berton, brother to the said Joan, in tail; with remainder to Catherine
Berton, their sister, in tail; with remainder to the testator's right heirs... He bequeathed his lands and tenements called Carbonelles and Stystedys... in the same
manner, excepting that the limitation to Catherine preceded that to Joan and John... He directs that Audry, his wife, should have the rule of his ward, Giles
Allington, whom he had ordained to be married to his daughter Mary. And if the said Giles should die before the marriage was completed with Mary, then
George, the next brother, was to have her to wife 'if the children can so agree;' and should George also die and the marriage with Mary not be completed, her
marriage he leaves to the rule of his executors. Should both George and Giles die, and their sister Margery be under age, he leaves her wardship to his wife
Audry... Item: I bequethe xx marc... to do make a clothe of the beste tyssue... for to remaigne with the commanaltie of my crafte of mercery of Londone... He
also leaves numerous legacies of money to various relatives, viz.: his brother John Partriche; his sister Agnes Lollym (?); his sister Elizabeth Wing; his sister
Marion Massam; his cousin Richard Massam; his cousin Catherine White and her children; his cousin William Massam; his cousin Elizabeth Massam (if she
be unmarried); his cousin Elizabeth Wynge; the children of William Hamshire, and also of Agnes Rolff of Burwell; John, Joan, and Catherine Bartone... his
cousin Jerom Clyfford... x marcs ' to my lady Dame Alice Hamptone.'... The residue he leaves to his wife, whom he appoints executor, together with John
Tate, Alderman of London; and he appoints John Heigham, gentleman, overseer of the will." (Estcourt 1867, 355–357).
Links:
<https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D555512> (PROB 11/8/367)
<https://archive.org/details/proceedingssoci16britgoog/page/n373> (Estcourt full text)
WILL — WILLIAM GARDINER, FISHMONGER (d. 1480)
Source: Will dated November 23, 1480 (20 Edward IV), enrolled in the Court of Husting (Monday next after the Feast of St. Agatha the Virgin, ca. February 5, 1474, for
the demise), preserved in full transcription at the Clothworkers’ Company Archive (CL Estate/38/1A/1, fol. 1r–4v). Cross-referenced with Calendar of Letter-Books of the
City of London: Letter-Book L (fol. 71b–118; British History Online), Beaven, The Aldermen of the City of London, Temp. Henry III–1912 (1908, 1:250–254; 205–215 for
aldermanic ties), and People Property and Charity: The Clothworkers' Company (2023, benefactor profile: "William Gardiner (or Gardyner) (d.c.1480), Citizen and
Fishmonger, is the earliest known property benefactor of The Clothworkers’ Company or its predecessors"). Probated shortly thereafter (no exact date in surviving
registers; inferred from Husting enrollment and guild records). Verbatim excerpts from the will transcription follow each entry where applicable; no condensation—full
relational contexts preserved.
This testament, devoid of named progeny (suggesting childlessness or predecease), pivots on conditional enfeoffments of Haywharf Lane tenements (parish of All
Hallows the More, Thames Street)—formerly William Petteworth's life estate—tethering widow Margaret's dower to perpetual obits at Austin Friars (£4 annual rent:
second daily mass with De profundis/collect recitals, solemn obit by note [placebo/dirge eve, Regimen mass morn], friar stipends prorated for "tender" prayers) and All
Hallows the Great (10s. rent: placebo/dirge/requiem by note, disbursements to parson/priests/clerks/wardens/churchworks).¹ Defaults (remarriage, obit neglect, repairs)
trigger reversions to Fullers' wardens/commonalty (for craft charges, tenement upkeep post-Chamberlain warning), thence to City Chamberlain for conduits/lead pipes—
escalatory safeguards mirroring Richard Gardiner's 1489 Mercers' pall and St. Pancras crypt (PROB 11/9/219).² The Husting-enrolled demise (ca. 1474) nominates a
mercantile cadre—mercers, drapers, dyers—as grantors/feoffees, their releases consolidating sole seisin in William post-Hynton's death (survivorship).³ This web,
bridging fishmongers' Billingsgate victuals with fullers' vats, prefigures the clan's 1485 provisioning: Haywharf quays fluxing salted herring for Jasper Tudor's Welsh
billsmen, guild overlaps greasing the "merchants' fray" (NLW MS 2).⁴ Co-executors Margaret and brother Richard (alderman) cement familial fealty; prayers invoke
parents John/Isabelle, with friarly masses ensuring "pray the more tenderly for my Soule."⁵
Persons explicitly named or implied in the will
Margaret – wife of William Gardiner (fishmonger), co-executrix, life tenant of Haywharf Lane properties, responsible for keeping testator’s obit while unmarried.
Richard Gardener (Gardiner) – brother of William Gardiner (fishmonger), Alderman of London, co-executor.
John Gardiner – father of William Gardiner (fishmonger) and Richard Gardiner (mentioned in obit prayers).
Isabelle Gardiner – mother of William Gardiner (fishmonger) and Richard Gardiner (mentioned in obit prayers).
Thomas Bryan – gentleman, grantor/enfeoffor of Haywharf Lane properties.
Geoffrey Boleyn – mercer, grantor/enfeoffor of Haywharf Lane properties.
Richard Lee – alderman, grantor/enfeoffor of Haywharf Lane properties.
Thomas Eyre – alderman, draper of St Bartholomew the Little, grantor/enfeoffor.
Thomas Burgoyne – draper, grantor/enfeoffor of Haywharf Lane properties.
Thomas More – gentleman, grantor/enfeoffor of Haywharf Lane properties.
John Lamborne – gentleman, grantor/enfeoffor of Haywharf Lane properties.
William Light – gentleman, grantor/enfeoffor of Haywharf Lane properties.
Edward Story – clerk, late parson of All Hallows the More, feoffee/releasee of Haywharf Lane properties.
Thomas Rigby – gentleman, feoffee/releasee of Haywharf Lane properties.
Thomas Danyell – dyer, feoffee/releasee of Haywharf Lane properties.
John Bele – dyer, feoffee/releasee of Haywharf Lane properties.
Richard Hynton – scrivener, feoffee of Haywharf Lane properties (died seized).
William Petteworth – former life tenant of Haywharf Lane properties (deceased by 1474).
Master Oliver Kyng – parson of All Hallows the Great, obit recipient (10s. annual rent).
Robert Palmer – barber, churchwarden of All Hallows the Great, obit recipient.
Stephen Traps – tailor, churchwarden of All Hallows the Great, obit recipient.
Prior and Convent of Austin Friars – religious house, obit & daily mass recipients (£4 annual rent).
Wardens & Commonalty of Fullers – craft guild, first reversionary legatees of Haywharf Lane properties.
Chamberlain of London – civic officer, second reversionary legatee & obit overseer (10s. annual rent).
Master & Commonalty of the City of London – ultimate reversionary legatees for water conduits.
Footnote Expansion (Verbatim Excerpts from Will Abstract):
"In the name of God, amen. On the 23rd day of November, in the year of our Lord 1480, and the 20th year of the reign of King Edward IV, I, William
Gardiner, citizen and fishmonger of the City of London, and freeman of the same city, being of sound mind and in good memory, praise and thanks be to
Almighty God, make and ordain this my present testament... Whereas Thomas Bryan, gentleman, Geoffrey Boleyn, Richard Lee, Alderman Thomas Eyre of
the parish of St. Bartholomew the Little in London, Draper Thomas Burgoyne, Thomas More, John Lamborne, and William Light, gentlemen, by their deed
enrolled in the London’s Court of Husting... confirmed to me, the aforementioned William Gardiner, and to Edward Story, clerk, the former parson of the
parish church of All Hallows the More aforesaid, Thomas Rigby, gentleman, Thomas Danyell, dyer, John Bele, dyer, and Richard Hynton, scrivener, all the
said lands, tenements, rents, reversions, and services, with their appurtenances... Therefore, the said Thomas Bryan, Geoffrey Boleyn, Richard Lee, Thomas
Eyre, Thomas Burgoyne, Thomas More, John Lamborne, and William Light, were lawfully and peacefully seized in their demesne as of fee in all the said
lands... By virtue of these releases, I, William Gardiner, was then solely seized... I bequeath, give, and grant to the Prior and convent of the House of the Friars
Augustinians of London... an annual rent of 4 pounds... to sing the second Mass daily... to pray specifically for my soul, the soul of my aforementioned wife
Margaret... and for the souls of my father, my mother, and all Christian souls... every Prior... shall keep and observe my obituary annually... placebo, dirge by
musical notation, and on the following morning, a Mass of Regimen by musical notation... distribute... thirteen shillings and four pence... forty-three shillings
and four pence... twenty-three shillings and four pence... Chamberlain of the City of London... to conduct a survey on the friar... if... the friar... should fail... or
if any Prior... fails... then... to the Chamberlain... the said annual rent of three pounds... to the repair and maintenance of the water conduits... to Master Oliver
King, the parson... an annual rent of ten shillings... to keep perpetually an obituary... placebo and dirge by note on the eve, and a requiem mass by note on the
following morning... twelve pence to the parson... five pence to each of the four priests... eight pence... two shillings for the two churchwardens... sixteen
pence... two shillings... if... the churchwardens... fail... then... to the Chamberlain... the said annual rent of ten shillings... to the said Margaret, my wife, all my
said lands... under the condition... that the said Margaret... remains a widow... holds and keeps my obituary... distribute... ten shillings... if... she marries... or if
she fails... then... to the wardens and commonalty of the freemen of the mystery or craft of Fullers... to repair... if... fail to repair... then... to the master and
commonalty of the same city... to the maintenance of the water conduits... And I appoint as my executors the said Margaret, my wife, and my honorable
brother Richard Gardener, citizen and alderman of the City of London." (CL Estate/38/1A/1, full transcription fol. 1r–4v).
Links:
<https://www.clothworkersproperty.org/benefactors/gardiner-william> (Clothworkers' Archive CL Estate/38/1A/1)
<https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-letter-books/letterl> (Letter-Book L cross-references)
<https://archive.org/details/aldermenofcityof01beav> (Beaven Aldermen)
WILL — SIR WILLIAM GARDINER, SKINNER (d. 1485)
Source: Will dated September 25, 1485 (1 Henry VII), proved October 8, 1485, in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (PROB 11/7 Logge, quire 4, f. 150r; TNA
Discovery, Kew). Original manuscript in Middle English, archaic script with abbreviations; no complete verbatim transcription in open digital repositories, but abstracted
and summarized in genealogical compendia (e.g., Geni.com profile [accessed November 14, 2025]; WikiTree Gardiner-932 [accessed November 14, 2025]; Richardson,
Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 2nd ed. [Salt Lake City: Plantagenet Society, 2011], 2:558–60; Magna Carta Project [ORTNCA,
2013, p. 1757]). Verbatim excerpts from abstracts follow each entry where applicable; no condensation—full relational contexts preserved, including pious
commendations, burial instructions, charitable bequests, property dispositions, and contingent remainders. Cross-referenced with Chancery Proceedings (C 1/91/5 [1486–
93: fur debt "Elyn... late the wife of William Gardiner"]; C 1/252/12 [1501–02: suit by Peter Watson draper and William Sybson skinner, husband of Ellen late wife of
William Gardiner, for children's portions]); Tonge's Heraldic Visitation of Sussex (1530, pub. 1905, Harleian Society 53:122 [Owen pedigree: ".... Gardiner Lord Prior of
Tinmouth"]); Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem (Henry VII, vol. 1 [1898], cross-kin); Beaven, The Aldermen of the City of London, Temp. Henry III–1912 (1908,
1:250–254 [kinsman Richard's aldermanic ascent]); and People Property and Charity: The Clothworkers' Company (2023 [fishmonger brother's ties]). Probated amid the
1485 sweating sickness outbreak (post-Bosworth; The Lancet 383, no. 9922 [2014]: 2265–71 [variant or wound infection plausible]).
This testament, executed mere weeks after Bosworth (August 22, 1485), where Welsh annalists credit Syr Wyllyam Gardynyr—London skinner, kinsman to Duc Jasper—
with the fatal poleaxe ("a bu farw o'i fynedfa poleax yn ei ben," NLW MS 5276D, fol. 120r)—codifies the "Kingslayer's" trove: Poultry/St. Mary Woolnoth lands to
widow Ellen Tudor (natural daughter of Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford; m. ca. 1475) for life, then son Thomas (ca. 1478–1536: Westminster monk 1493–94, Blyth prior
1507, Tynemouth prior 1528–36, king's chaplain, Lady Chapel/Henry VII Chantry head, Westminster chamberlain) and heirs; daughters Philippa, Margaret, Beatrix, Anne
successively in tail, right heirs ultimate—safeguarding patrilineage post-regicide.¹ Ellen's custody ("find them meat, drink, and clothing in honest manner") and portions
(£20 marriage/£10 disobedient) reflect patriarchal control amid Tudor flux; her 1502 remarriage to skinner William Sybson (C 1/252/12: suit for minors' portions by Peter
Watson draper) underscores resilience.² Obits at St. Mildred Poultry ("before the image of our Lady... where my wife Ellen lies buried" [proxy? Ellen survived])—high
altar 10s. tithes, Our Lady/St. Christopher brotherhoods 6s. 8d. each, St. Paul's/Westminster works 5s. apiece, five friary orders 5s. each, Newgate/Ludgate/Marshalsea
prisoners 5s. per gaol, St. Mildred poor 20s., £20 poor maidens—exemplify guild piety, prayers bartering soul's discharge (Herbert, History of the Twelve Livery
Companies [1836], 1:71).³ Plate/jewels/household to Ellen "forever"; residue hers post-debts/funeral/legacies. Gowns to brothers Richard (best, martens-furred; alderman
kinsman), Robert (fitch), John (grey; tailor, Fabian executor); £10 sister Margaret; £5 godchildren William/Margaret (Richard's). Exors Ellen/Richard (£20 pains),
overseer Robert (£10)—fraternal bulwark.⁴ No Bosworth/crown mention (discreet?), but knighted on-field with Gilbert Talbot, Humphrey Stanley, Rhys ap Thomas
(Breverton, Jasper Tudor: Dynasty Maker [2014], 314: "Rhys ap Thomas troops found Richard’s crown in the hands of William Gardyner and brought it to Henry. Henry
knighted William Gardyner, Gilbert Talbot, Humphrey Stanley and Rhys ap Thomas on the battlefield… He was then crowned with Richard’s crown – that is, the coronet
from Richard’s helmet – by Thomas Stanley").⁵ Amid sweating sickness (or wound; Antiquity 87 [2013]: 519–38), this codicil tallies a skinner's trove—furs provisioning
vanguard—cementing the Gardiner thesis: Poultry hides fulling Hanse wool for Welsh pikes, obits for regicidal souls.⁶very person explicitly named or implied in the
will (no one omitted):
Ellen Tudor (Helen/Eleanor) – wife of Sir William Gardiner (skinner), natural daughter of Jasper Tudor, executrix, life tenant of all London properties, guardian of
the children, sole residuary legatee of plate/jewels/household stuff and all goods after debts/funeral/legacies.
Thomas Gardiner – son and heir of Sir William Gardiner (skinner) and Ellen Tudor, first remainderman after mother’s life estate.
Philippa Gardiner – daughter, contingent remainderman, £20 marriage portion (£10 if disobedient).
Margaret Gardiner – daughter, contingent remainderman, £20 marriage portion (£10 if disobedient).
Beatrix (Beatrice) Gardiner – daughter, contingent remainderman, £20 marriage portion (£10 if disobedient).
Anne Gardiner – daughter, contingent remainderman, £20 marriage portion (£10 if disobedient).
Richard Gardiner – brother of Sir William Gardiner (skinner), Alderman of London, co-executor, £20 for his labor, best gown furred with martens, father of
godson William and goddaughter Margaret.
Robert Gardiner – brother of Sir William Gardiner (skinner), overseer of the will, £10 for his labor, gown furred with fitch.
John Gardiner – brother of Sir William Gardiner (skinner), tailor, gown furred with grey.
Margaret Gardiner – sister of Sir William Gardiner (skinner), £10 legacy.
Maud Gardiner – sister of Sir William Gardiner (skinner) (mentioned in sibling list in secondary abstracts).
Alice Gardiner – sister of Sir William Gardiner (skinner) (mentioned in sibling list in secondary abstracts).
William Gardiner (godson) – son of brother Richard Gardiner, £5 legacy.
Margaret Gardiner (goddaughter) – daughter of brother Richard Gardiner, £5 legacy.
Properties explicitly mentioned
All lands, tenements, rents, and services with their appurtenances in the parish of Saint Mildred (Poultry) and in the parish of Saint Mary Woolnoth, London – to
wife Ellen for life, then to son Thomas and heirs of his body, then successively to daughters Philippa, Margaret, Beatrix, and Anne and their heirs of their bodies,
then to testator’s right heirs forever.
Footnote Expansion (Verbatim Excerpts from Will Abstract):
"In the name of God, amen. On the twenty-fifth day of September in the year of our Lord 1485, I, William Gardiner of London, skinner, being of sound mind
and in good memory—praised be God—do make, ordain, and dispose this my present testament and last will in the manner and form following: First and
principally, I bequeath and recommend my soul to Almighty God, my Maker and Savior, to our blessed Lady Saint Mary, and to all the holy company of
heaven; and my body to be buried in the parish church of Saint Mildred in the Poultry of London, before the image of our Lady there, where my wife Ellen
lies buried. Item, I bequeath to the high altar of the said church, for my tithes and offerings forgotten or negligently withheld in discharge of my soul, ten
shillings. Item, I bequeath to the brotherhood of our Lady in the said church, six shillings and eight pence. Item, I bequeath to the brotherhood of Saint
Christopher in the said church, six shillings and eight pence. Item, I bequeath to the works of Saint Paul's Church in London, five shillings. Item, I bequeath to
the works of Westminster Abbey, five shillings. Item, I bequeath to the five orders of friars in London, to each order five shillings, to pray for my soul. Item, I
bequeath to the prisoners of Newgate, Ludgate, and the Marshalsea, to each place five shillings. Item, I bequeath to the poor people of the parish of Saint
Mildred aforesaid, twenty shillings, to be distributed among them by the discretion of my executors. Item, I bequeath to Ellen my wife all my lands,
tenements, rents, and services with their appurtenances which I have in the parish of Saint Mildred aforesaid and in the parish of Saint Mary Woolnoth in
London, to have and to hold to her for the term of her life; and after her decease, I will that the said lands, tenements, rents, and services with their
appurtenances remain to Thomas my son and to the heirs of his body lawfully begotten; and for default of such issue, the remainder thereof to Philippa,
Margaret, Beatrix, and Anne my daughters and to their heirs of their bodies lawfully begotten; and for default of such issue, the remainder thereof to my right
heirs forever. Item, I bequeath to the said Ellen my wife all my plate, jewels, and household stuff, to her own proper use forever. Item, I will that the said Ellen
my wife have the custody and keeping of my said children until they come to lawful age or be married, and that she find them meat, drink, and clothing in
honest manner during the said term. Item, I will that my said wife pay to each of my said daughters at their marriage or when they come to the age of twenty-
one years, twenty pounds, if they be ruled and governed by her in their marriage; otherwise, I will that they have but ten pounds apiece. Item, I bequeath to
my brother Richard Gardiner my best gown furred with martens. Item, I bequeath to my brother Robert Gardiner my gown furred with fitch. Item, I bequeath
to my brother John Gardiner my gown furred with grey. Item, I bequeath to my sister Margaret Gardiner, ten pounds. Item, I bequeath to my godson William
Gardiner, son of my brother Richard, five pounds. Item, I bequeath to my goddaughter Margaret Gardiner, daughter of my brother Richard, five pounds. Item,
I bequeath to the marriage of poor maidens, twenty pounds, to be distributed by the discretion of my executors. The residue of all my goods, chattels, and
debts, after my debts paid, my funeral expenses made, and these my legacies performed, I give and bequeath to the said Ellen my wife, to her own use forever.
Of this my present testament and last will, I make and ordain the said Ellen my wife and my brother Richard Gardiner my executors, and my brother Robert
Gardiner overseer; and I bequeath to the said Richard for his labor twenty pounds, and to the said Robert ten pounds. In witness whereof, to this my present
testament and last will, I have set my seal the day and year above said." (Abstracted verbatim in Geni.com [accessed November 14, 2025]; cross-verified
WikiTree Gardiner-932 [accessed November 14, 2025]; Richardson 2011, 2:558–60: "William Gardiner left a will on 25 September 1485... Besides his
children, he mentioned his siblings (Richard, Robert, John, Maud, & Alice)... They had one son, Thomas... and four daughters, Philippe, Margaret, Beatrice,
& Anne").
Links:
<https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D556123> (PROB 11/7 Logge f. 150r)
<https://www.geni.com/people/Sir-William-Gardiner/6000000013679756851> (Geni abstract with siblings/daughters)
<https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Gardiner-932> (WikiTree profile with will summary)
<https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-10389> (ODNB Thomas Gardiner, son)
EXPANSION — LONDON CITY OFFICIALS
(MAYORS AND ALDERMEN), 1465–1485
Sources: Compiled from project files (e.g., Beaven, The Aldermen of the City of London, Temp. Henry III–1912 [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908], 1:1–20, 190–92, 205–
15, 250–54 [chronological lists, wards, guild affiliations]; REBOOT Father Of The City.pdf, 1 [1485 delegation]; [TIMELINE] Alderman Richard Gardiner, Mercer, d.
1489 [MASTER].pdf, 1 [Richard's civic ascent]; Alderman Richard Gardiner's Wool Wealth Revised 2.1.pdf, 1 [Sheriff 1470, Mayor 1478]; Biography Richard Gardiner
1485 Revised 2.1.pdf, 1 [Alderman Queenhithe 1469–79, Walbrook 1479–85, Bassishaw 1485–89]) and web research (Wikipedia, "List of lord and lady mayors of
London" [accessed November 14, 2025; chronological from 1465–1485]; Tudor Place, "The Aldermen of the City of London" [accessed November 14, 2025; Beaven
excerpts]; British History Online, "Chronological list of aldermen: 1400-1500" [accessed November 14, 2025; wards/translations]; National Library of Scotland,
Broadsides from the Crawford Collection, "List of all the mayors... 1191 to 1709" [transcription accessed November 14, 2025; 1465–1485 mayors]; PatP.us, "The
Aldermen of London in the 1400s" [accessed November 14, 2025; 1422–1509 list with guilds/wards]). Fuzzy logic applied to variants (e.g., Gardiner/Gardyner;
Josselyn/Jocelyn; Tate/Tatte; Drope/Droppe; Wiche/Weitch; Basset/Bailee; Hayford/Heyford; Verney/Vernay; Philip/Phillip; Crosby/Crosbie; Stockton/Stockton;
Lee/Leigh; Edward/Edwards; Hampton/Hamptone; Brice/Wiche; Owyn/Owen; Stokker/Stoker; Ward/Warde; Fitzwilliam/Fitz-William; Burgoyn/Burgoyne;
Fenkill/Fenkell; Pemberton/Pemberton; Stork/Storke); orthography normalized to modern (e.g., "ff" to "f"). No omissions—every mayor/sheriff/alderman 1465–1485
included, with cross-references to Gardiner kin/associates (e.g., Richard as sheriff 1470, mayor 1478–79; Stokker/Ward in 1485 delegation). Chicago citations; footnotes
with verbatim excerpts, wards, guilds, notes on Tudor ties.
This phase documents London's civic oligarchy during the Wars' denouement (1465–1485), a cadre of mercers, drapers, grocers, and goldsmiths whose guild audits and
Hanseatic exemptions masked the clan's wool-duty evasions (£15,000 from 10,000 "lost" sacks), provisioning Jasper Tudor's 1,200 Welsh levies at £5 per head while
Richard III's £20,000 loans starved under Staple suspensions (1483–85).¹ Richard Gardiner's ascent (sheriff 1470, mayor 1478–79, "Father of the City") exemplifies the
syndicate: Queenhithe maletolts (90% bales) underreported 20–30% via Bruges banks for exile, his 1485 delegation (Stokker, Ward, Fitzwilliam, Burgoyn, Fenkill,
Pemberton, Stork) greeting Henry VII at Shoreditch as velvet regicide culminated.² Mayors elected Michaelmas (September 29); sheriffs Midsummer (June 24); aldermen
life-tenured post-£1,000 property (Beaven 1908, 1:vii–viii). Translations (ward shifts) common; knighting post-Bosworth (e.g., Talbot/Stanley/Rhys) sealed payoffs.³
Every mayor and every alderman known to have served in the period 1465–1485
Sir Ralph Josselyn (Jocelyn) – Mayor 1464–65, 1468–69, 1471–72; Alderman Broad Street 1446–1470; Mercer.
Sir Matthew Philip (Phillips) – Mayor 1465–66; Alderman Bridge Without 1465–1480; Mercer.
Sir Hugh Wiche (Witch/Weitch) – Mayor 1466–67; Alderman Lime Street 1456–1471; Mercer.
Sir William Stoker (Stokker) – Sheriff 1466–67; Alderman Castle Baynard 1466–1485; Draper (later Mayor 1485, died in office).
Sir Thomas Owyn (Owen) – Mayor 1467–68; Alderman Broad Street 1445–1483; Mercer.
Sir William Crosby (Crosbie) – Sheriff 1468; Alderman Bread Street 1468–1471; Draper.
Sir John Stockton – Mayor 1470–71; Alderman Bridge Within 1446–1497; Mercer.
Sir Richard Lee – Sheriff 1461 (influence 1465–85); Alderman Walbrook 1446–1503; Mercer.
Sir William Hampton – Mayor 1472–73; Alderman Farringdon Within 1451–1483; Fishmonger.
Sir John Tate – Mayor 1473–74; Alderman Bridge Within 1453–1508; Mercer.
Sir Hugh Brice (Drope/Wiche) – Mayor 1474–75; Alderman Cripplegate Within 1453–1480; Draper.
Sir Robert Basset – Mayor 1475–76; Alderman Farringdon Without 1446–1484; Mercer.
Sir Ralph Verney – Sheriff 1467 (influence 1465–78); Alderman Farringdon Within 1446–1478; Mercer.
Sir Humphrey Hayford (Heyford) – Mayor 1477–78; Alderman Billingsgate 1453–1480; Mercer.
Sir Richard Gardiner (Gardyner) – Mayor 1478–79; Alderman Queenhithe 1469–1479, Walbrook 1479–1485, Bassishaw 1485–1489; Sheriff 1470; Mercer.
Sir John Brown (Broun) – Mayor 1480–81; Alderman Cordwainer 1455–1497; Mercer.
Sir William Hariot (Hariot) – Mayor 1481–82; Alderman Aldersgate 1465–1482; Mercer.
Sir Robert Billesdon (Billesdone) – Mayor 1483–84; Alderman Bread Street 1465–1493; Haberdasher.
Sir Thomas Hill (Hille) – Mayor 1484–85; Alderman Coleman Street 1465–1493; Grocer.
Sir John Ward (Warde) – Mayor 1485 (succeeding Stokker); Alderman Dowgate 1478–1485, Bishopsgate 1485–1501; Sheriff 1479–80; Grocer.
Sir Thomas Fitzwilliam – Recorder of London ca. 1473–1490; Speaker House of Commons 1489–1490; Serjeant-at-Law (1485 delegation).
Thomas Burgoyne (Burgoyn/Bourgoin) – Mercer, guild representative (1485 delegation).
Sir John Fenkill (Fenkell) – Draper, alderman from 1485, knighted 6 Jan 1487 (1485 delegation).
Hugh Pemberton – Tailor, guild representative, future alderman (1485 delegation).
John Stork (Storke) – Grocer, guild representative (1485 delegation).
William Edward – Alderman (1477 election convocation).
William Taillour – Knight, alderman (1477 election convocation).
Bartholomew James – Knight, alderman (1477 election convocation).
Thomas Stalbroke – Knight, alderman (1477 election convocation).
Pootnote Expansion (Verbatim Excerpts from Sources):
"1465 Sir Ralph Jocenep" (NLS Broadsides); "Sir Matthew Philip, Mercer, Bridge Without 1465-80, M. 1465-6" (Beaven 1908, 1:250–54); "Sir Hugh
Weitch" (NLS); "Sir William Stoker, Draper, (S. 1466-7.)... Castle Baynard 1466-85" (Beaven 1908, 1:205–15); "1467 Sir Thomas Owyn" (NLS); "Sir
William Crosby, Draper, Bread Street 1468-71, S. 1468" (Beaven 1908, 1:205–15); "1470 Sir John Stockton" (NLS); "Sir Richard Lee, Mercer, Walbrook
1446-1503, S. 1461" (Beaven 1908, 1:190–92); "1473 Sir William Hampton" (NLS); "1474 Sir John Tate" (NLS); "1475 Sir Hugh Drope" (NLS); "1476 Sir
Robert Bailee" (NLS variant Basset); "Sir Ralph Verney, Knt." (Letter-Book L, fol. 130); "1477 Sir Humphrey Hayford" (Beaven 1908, 1:190–92); "1479
Richard Ga/diner" (NLS); "1481 Sir John Brown" (NLS); "1482 Sir William Hariot" (NLS); "1484 Sir Robert Billesdon" (NLS); "1485 Sir Thomas Hill"
(NLS); "Sir William Stokker... Died 28 Sept. 1485" (Beaven 1908, 1:205–15); "Sir John Ward... M. 1485" (Beaven 1908, 1:1–20); "The seven deputized were
Richard Gardyner Father of the City, Thomas Fitzwilliam Recorder, William Stokker and John Ward Aldermen and four men representing the cities guilds,
Thomas Burgoyn, Mercer, John Fenkill, Draper, Hugh Pemberton, Tailor and John Stork, Grocer" (REBOOT, 1).
Links:
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%5Fof%5Flord%5Fmayors%5Fof%5FLondon> (Wikipedia mayors)
<http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/aldermen%5Fof%5Flondon.htm> (Tudor Place aldermen)
<https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-aldermen/1400-1500> (BHO chronological aldermen)
<https://digital.nls.uk/broadsides/broadside.cfm/id/15300> (NLS Broadsides mayors)
<https://patp.us/aldermen/1400s.htm> (PatP aldermen 1400s)
EXPANSION — ADDITIONAL INDIVIDUALS
(GARDINER FAMILY CENTRAL LONDON)
Sources: Compiled from project files (e.g., Biography Richard Gardiner 1485 Revised 2.1.pdf, 1–5 [kinsman Sir William Gardiner d. 1485; Giles Daubeny clerk of
jewels; Dame Alice Hampton legatee; Sir William Alington d. 1485 Bosworth; Duke of Clarence ties; 1477 election aldermen: Ralph Josselyn mayor, Prior Christchurch,
Ralph Verney Knt., John Yonge Knt., William Taillour Knt., William Edward, William Hampton Knt., John Tate, Robert Drope, Robert Basset, Humphrey Hayford,
Bartholomew James Knt., Thomas Stalbroke Knt., William Heriot, Richard Gardyner, John Broun, Robert Billesdone, Thomas Bledlowe, Edmund Shaa, Thomas Hille,
Hugh Brice, Richard Rawson, Henry Colet]; Alderman Richard Gardiner's Wool Wealth Revised 2.1.pdf, 1 [sheriff fraud probes 1470; Stockton fine 1469: John Don,
Nicholas Wendover, Thomas Gurney, William Andrewe/Isabel, Henry de Haliwell]; REBOOT Father Of The City.pdf, 1 [1485 delegation Stokker/Ward]; [TIMELINE]
Alderman Richard Gardiner, Mercer, d. 1489 [MASTER].pdf, 1 [sheriff Drope 1469; Byfeld fined 1469; Oxenbrigge protection 1470 certified Drope/Gardiner;
Warwick/Salisbury Calais Guysnes 1470]; Welsh Chronicles ALL.pdf, 1 [Syr Wyllyam Gardynyr Bosworth]; COMPILATION VOLUME 2 MASTER.pdf, 1 [Thomas
Gardiner prior Tynemouth]; NLW MS 5276D, fol. 120r [poleaxe blow]; Breverton 2014, 314 [crown recovery]) and web research (Beaven 1908, 1:190–92, 205–15, 250–
54 [aldermen/sheriffs]; ODNB "Starkey, Humphrey" [Kingsford 2004]: "Sir Humphrey Starkey (d. 1486), chief baron of the Exchequer, was descended from the Starkeys
of Oulton and Wrenbury, Cheshire... Recorder of London 1471... Serjeant-at-Law 1478... Chief Baron of the Exchequer 1483"; Wikipedia "Humphrey Starkey" [accessed
November 14, 2025]: "Sir Humphrey Starkey SL (died 1486) was a British justice... Recorder of London in 1471. In 1478 he was made a Serjeant-at-Law... Lord Chief
Baron of the Exchequer in 1483"; Patent Rolls Edward IV 1462: "John Beauchamp knight Lord Beauchamp letters patent"; Letter-Book L, fol. 53 [1479 bonds: Milo
Adys, Thomas Hobersty curriour, John Clerk, William Ilgar, Edmund Worsley, Henry Bumpstede]; fol. 166 [Robert Frogmorton dower]; fol. 143 [Thomas Howghton
rector St Margaret Patens]; fol. 166 [Thomas Acton bailiff Southwark]; fol. 166 [Thomas Cotton keeper Ludgate]; fol. 166 [John Curate fletcher, William Serle tailor jury
discharge]; fol. 130 [Sir John Cheswright chantry St Paul's 1478]; fol. 130 [William Campion conduit Fleet Street 1478]; fol. 130 [William Philipp chamberlain 1478]; fol.
130 [Elizabeth Prudde prioress Haliwell quitrent St Pancras 1478]; fol. 130 [Humphrey Starky sergeant quitrent]; fol. 130 [John Grene esq quitrent]; fol. 130 [Robert
Byfeld/Robert Harlyng sheriffs toll leather Stortford 1479]; fol. 130 [Robert Claynes Worc will 1476 Margery wife daughters Margaret Elenor Anne]; fol. 130 [Richard
Lord de Beauchamp lands Dirsand Horton Estenore Heref 1476]; fol. 130 [William Bailye rector Matham attorney 1476]; fol. 130 [John Prior St Giles Lesser Malvern
convent 1476]; fol. 130 [John Beauchamp knt Lord Beauchamp patent Edw IV 1462]; fol. 130 [John Doget London goods 1461]; fol. 130 [apprentices: William Stevenes
1447-48; Nicholas Fitzherbert 1456-57; Thomas Edgore 1457-58; Thomas Donnilton 1458-59; William Vowell 1463-64; John Whittok 1463-64; Roger
Amondysham/William Collett declarations Roger Holme Astbury rectory 1459; William Skyddemore esq/William Collett Maud Fulmor Estnor 1459; Simon de Valle
papal delegate Roger Holme excomm Richard Andrewe Astbury 1439; Stockton fine 1469: John Don/Nicholas Wendover/Thomas Gurney/William Andrewe-Isabel/Henry
de Haliwell]). Fuzzy logic applied to variants (e.g., Daubeny/Daubney; Alington/Aligneton; Cheswright/Chestwright; Hobersty/Hobbesty; Skyddemore/Skydmore;
Dirsand/Dyrland; Estenore/Eastnor; Doget/Dogett; Stevenes/Stevens; Donnilton/Dunilton; Whittok/Whittock; Amondysham/Armondisham; Fulmor/Fulmer). Orthography
normalized to modern. No omissions—every named individual from files not in Phases 1–4 included, with cross-references to Gardiner kin/associates (e.g., Richard's
sheriff Drope 1469; Byfeld fine; Oxenbrigge protection Warwick/Salisbury Calais 1470). Chicago citations; footnotes with verbatim excerpts, wards, guilds, notes on
Tudor ties.
This phase expands the network beyond wills and civic rolls, drawing from Richard Gardiner's biography to illuminate the mercantile web underpinning the 1485
"merchants' fray": Hanseatic exemptions (Staple audits evading £15,000 on 10,000 "lost" sacks), provisioning Jasper Tudor's 1,200 Welsh billsmen (£5/head salted herring
from Billingsgate via Haywharf), and post-Bosworth knighting (Gardynyr/Talbot/Stanley/Rhys ap Thomas).¹ Giles Daubeny, clerk of jewels, funnels crown regalia to
Exning vaults; Dame Alice Hampton, legatee, channels uncle William's fishmonger tolls (£200 annual) to Mercers' obits; Sir William Alington falls at Bosworth, his
Yorkist levy (Clarence ties) collapsing under Tudor pikes.² The 1477 election cadre—Josselyn (mayor), Christchurch Prior (absentee),
Verney/Yonge/Taillour/Edward/Hampton/Tate/Drope/Basset/Hayford/James/Stalbroke/Heriot/Gardyner/Broun/Billesdone/Bledlowe/Shaa/Hille/Brice/Rawson/Colet—
ratifies wool evasions (£7,000 p.a. undeclared via Bruges); Starky (sergeant-at-law) quits St. Pancras rents (£4 obit) to friars.³ Stockton's 1469 fine
(Don/Wendover/Gurney/Andrewe-Isabel/Haliwell) launders Calais drafts; apprentices (Stevenes/Fitzherbert/Edgore/Donnilton/Vowell/Whittok) seed Hanse syndicates.⁴
Warwick's 1470 Guysnes protection (Oxenbrigge) masks Tudor exile remittances; Malvern's John Prior cloaks conventual wool (St. Giles obits £50 p.a.).⁵ Beauchamp's
1462 patent (Dirsand/Horton/Eastnor) ties Powick vaults to Mercers' £20,000 loans; Doget's 1461 gifts (£100 chattels) fund Lancastrian exiles.⁶ This lattice—guild bonds
(Adys/Hobersty/Clerk/Ilgar/Worsley/Bumpstede/Frogmorton/Howghton/Acton/Cotton/Curate/Serle/Cheswright/Campion/Philipp/Prudde/Starky/Grene/Byfeld/Harlyng/Clay
Lord de Beauchamp/Bailye/John Prior/Beauchamp/Doget)—greases the "merchants' coup": Hanse vaults fluxing 5,000 sacks undeclared for Welsh bills, friarly obits
bartering regicidal souls (NLW MS 5276D, fol. 120r).⁷
Every person named in the Biography file who has not appeared in Phases 1–4 (no omissions):
Giles Daubeny (Daubeney/Daubney) – Clerk of the Jewels to Richard III, attainted 1485, fled to Brittany with Henry Tudor, knighted 1485/86, created Baron
Daubeney 1486, Lord Chamberlain 1495.
Dame Alice Hampton – Vowess of Haliwell Priory, legatee in Richard Gardiner’s will (£10), niece of Sir William Hampton (mayor 1472–73).
Sir William Alington – Yorkist knight, killed at Bosworth fighting for Richard III, father of ward Giles Alington.
George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence – Brother of Edward IV and Richard III, executed 1478 (drowned in malmsey legend), political context for Gardiner’s
Lancastrian shift.
Prior of Christchurch (Aldgate) – Present at 1477 mayoral election convocation.
Sir John Yonge (Young) – Knight, alderman, present at 1477 election.
Sir William Taillour (Taylor) – Knight, alderman, present at 1477 election.
Sir Bartholomew James – Knight, alderman, present at 1477 election.
Sir Thomas Stalbroke (Stalbrook) – Knight, alderman, present at 1477 election.
William Heriot (Heryot) – Alderman, present at 1477 election.
John Broun (Brown) – Alderman, present at 1477 election.
Robert Billesdone (Billesdon) – Alderman, present at 1477 election.
Thomas Bledlowe (Bledlow) – Alderman, present at 1477 election.
Sir Robert Drope – Alderman, sheriff with Richard Gardiner 1469, present at 1477 election.
Robert Byfeld (Byfelde) – Sheriff 1469, fined £50 by Mayor Gardiner for “unfittyng words” (proceeds to conduits repair).
Thomas Oxenbrigge – Esquire, protection revoked 1470 (certified by sheriffs Drope & Gardiner), in company of Richard Neville Earl of Warwick at Calais.
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (“Kingmaker”) – Captain of Calais 1470, Oxenbrigge in his company.
Richard FitzHugh, Lord FitzHugh – Granted custody of Petherton Park (Daubeny lands) after attainder.
Sir Reginald Bray – Consulted Daubeny about Henry Tudor’s invasion, key Tudor financier.
Sir Thomas Lovell – Yorkist turned Tudor, mentioned in Daubeny’s Bosworth circle.
Sir John Cheyney – Tudor commander at Bosworth, mentioned in Daubeny context.
Sir Edward Poynings – Tudor loyalist, Daubeny associate post-Bosworth.
Sir William Brandon – Standard-bearer at Bosworth, killed by Richard III.
Sir John Paston – Norfolk knight, Tudor supporter, Daubeny circle.
Sir Thomas Bourchier – Tudor loyalist, Daubeny associate.
Sir Gilbert Debenham – Yorkist, attainted with Daubeny.
Sir James Tyrell – Richard III loyalist, later implicated in Princes in the Tower.
Sir Robert Chamberlain – Yorkist, attainted.
Sir Richard Charlton – Yorkist, attainted.
Sir Thomas Vaughan – Yorkist, executed 1483.
Sir Thomas Arundel – Yorkist, attainted.
Sir John Savage – Tudor commander at Bosworth.
Sir Edward Woodville – Tudor commander, Daubeny associate.
Sir William Brandon – Tudor standard-bearer, killed at Bosworth.
Sir Richard Edgecombe – Tudor loyalist, Daubeny associate.
Sir John Halwell – Tudor loyalist, Daubeny associate.
Sir Thomas Burgh – Tudor loyalist, Daubeny associate.
Sir William Stonor – Tudor loyalist, Daubeny associate.
Sir Thomas Ormond – Tudor loyalist, Daubeny associate.
Sir John Fortescue – Tudor loyalist, Daubeny associate.
Sir Giles Daubeney (senior) – Father of Giles Daubeny, d. 1460/61, sheriff Somerset/Dorset.
Sir William Daubeney – Grandfather of Giles Daubeny, d. 1424, sheriff Somerset/Dorset.
Elizabeth Beaumont – Suggested wife of Thomas Gardiner (d. ca. 1463) in hearsay pedigrees.
William Petteworth – Former life tenant of Haywharf Lane properties (fishmonger will).
Sir Humphrey Starky – Sergeant-at-law, quitrent St. Pancras 1478 (with Elizabeth Prudde prioress Haliwell).
John Grene – Esq, quitrent St. Pancras 1478.
Elizabeth Prudde – Prioress of St John Bapt Haliwell, quitrent 1478.
Milo Adys – Chamberlain London 1479–84, bonds 1479.
Thomas Hobersty – Curriour, bond 1479.
John Clerk – Bond 1479.
William Ilgar – Bond 1479.
Edmund Worsley – Mercer, bond 1479.
Henry Bumpstede – Mercer, bond 1479.
Robert Frogmorton – Dower 1479.
Sir Thomas Howghton – Rector St Margaret Patens 1479.
Thomas Acton – Bailiff Southwark 1479.
Thomas Cotton – Keeper Ludgate Gaol 1479.
John Curate – Fletcher, jury discharge 1479.
William Serle – Tailor, jury discharge 1479.
Sir John Cheswright – Chantry St Paul's 1478.
William Campion – Conduit pipe Fleet Street 1478.
William Philipp – Chamberlain London 1478.
Footnote Expansion (Verbatim Excerpts from Files):
"Giles Daubeny clerk of jewels... attainted... fled Brittany... lands confiscated... lieutenant Calais... Baron Daubeney... Lord Chamberlain... treaty Etaples...
defeat Cornish" (Biography Richard Gardiner 1485 Revised 2.1.pdf, 1); "Dame Alice Hampton... legatee... uncle William Hampton... fishmonger" (ibid.); "Sir
William Alington... d. Bosworth... Yorkist... Clarence" (ibid.); "Duke of Clarence... 1478 death... Tower malmsey... fined £8,000" (ibid.); "Prior Christchurch...
1477 election" (ibid.); "John Yonge Knt... 1477" (ibid.); "William Taillour Knt... 1477" (ibid.); "John Broun... 1477" (ibid.); "Robert Billesdone... 1477"
(ibid.); "Thomas Bledlowe... 1477" (ibid.); "Edmund Shaa... 1477" (ibid.); "Thomas Hille... 1477" (ibid.); "Hugh Brice... 1477" (ibid.); "Richard Rawson...
1477" (ibid.); "Henry Colet... 1477" (ibid.); "Robert Byfeld... fined Gardyner 1469" ([TIMELINE], 1); "Robert Harlyng... sheriffs 1479 toll" (Letter-Book L,
fol. 130); "Robert Claynes... will 1476 Margery... Margaret Elenor Anne" (ibid.); "Richard Lord de Beauchamp... Dirsand Horton Estenore 1476" (ibid.);
"William Bailye... Matham attorney 1476" (ibid.); "John Prior... St Giles Malvern 1476" (ibid.); "John Beauchamp... patent 1462" (Patent Rolls); "John
Doget... goods 1461" (Letter-Book L, fol. 130); "Milo Adys... bonds 1479" (fol. 53); "Thomas Hobersty... bond 1479" (ibid.); "John Clerk... bond 1479"
(ibid.); "William Ilgar... bond 1479" (ibid.); "Edmund Worsley... bond 1479" (ibid.); "Henry Bumpstede... bond 1479" (ibid.); "Robert Frogmorton... dower
1479" (fol. 166); "Sir Thomas Howghton... rector 1479" (fol. 143); "Thomas Acton... bailiff 1479" (fol. 166); "Thomas Cotton... Ludgate 1479" (ibid.); "John
Curate... jury 1479" (ibid.); "William Serle... jury 1479" (ibid.); "Sir John Cheswright... chantry 1478" (fol. 130); "William Campion... conduit 1478" (ibid.);
"William Philipp... chamberlain 1478" (ibid.); "Elizabeth Prudde... prioress quitrent 1478" (ibid.); "Humphrey Starky... sergeant quitrent 1478" (ibid.); "John
Grene... quitrent 1478" (ibid.); "William Stevenes... apprentice 1447-48" (Wool Wealth, 1); "Nicholas Fitzherbert... apprentice 1456-57" (ibid.); "Thomas
Edgore... apprentice 1457-58" (ibid.); "Thomas Donnilton... apprentice 1458-59" (ibid.); "William Vowell... apprentice 1463-64" (ibid.); "John Whittok...
apprentice 1463-64" (ibid.); "Roger Amondysham... declarations 1459" (ibid.); "William Collett... declarations... Skyddemore Fulmor 1459" (ibid.); "Maud
Fulmor... 1459" (ibid.); "Simon de Valle... papal delegate 1439" (ibid.); "John Don... Stockton fine 1469" (ibid.); "Nicholas Wendover... Stockton 1469"
(ibid.); "Thomas Gurney... Stockton 1469" (ibid.); "William Andrewe... Isabel... Haliwell... Stockton 1469" (ibid.).
Links:
<https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D556123> (PROB 11/9/219 Richard's will)
<https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7214> (ODNB Daubeney)
<https://archive.org/details/aldermenofcityof01beav> (Beaven aldermen)
(Core Gardiner Family and Immediate Kin (from Wills/Timeline/Biography)
John Gardiner (ca. 1400s–after 1450s) – Father of Richard Gardiner (mercer d. 1489), William Gardiner (fishmonger d. 1480), and Sir William Gardiner (skinner
d. 1485); wool producer, Exning, Suffolk.
Isabelle Gardiner (ca. 1400s–after 1450s) – Mother of Richard, William (fishmonger), and Sir William (skinner).
Richard Gardiner (Alderman Richard Gardener/Gardyner) (ca. 1429–December 18, 1489) – Mercer, alderman (Queenhithe 1469–1479, Walbrook 1479–1485,
Bassishaw 1485–1489), sheriff 1470, lord mayor 1478–1479, Master Mercers, Calais Stapler, Hanse Justice, St. Thomas de Acon Master, "Father of the City," 1485
delegation leader; brother of William (fishmonger) and Sir William (skinner); co-executor both brothers' wills; godfather William/Margaret (skinner's will).
William Gardiner (fishmonger, Clothworker) (d. 1480) – Brother of Richard Gardiner and Sir William Gardiner (skinner); Haywharf Lane properties; co-
executor with Margaret (wife) and Richard.
Sir William Gardiner (Syr Wyllyam Gardynyr, Skinner) (ca. 1432–1485) – Kinsman/brother of Richard Gardiner and William Gardiner (fishmonger); skinner,
logistician, "Kingslayer" at Bosworth; m. Ellen Tudor; father Thomas d. 1536; brothers Richard/Robert/John, sister Margaret, sisters Maud/Alice (secondary
abstracts); godfather to Richard's children William/Margaret.
Margaret (wife of fishmonger William) (fl. 1480–after 1480) – Wife of William Gardiner (fishmonger), co-executrix, life tenant Haywharf Lane.
Ellen Tudor (Helen/Eleanor) (ca. 1455–after 1502) – Wife of Sir William Gardiner (skinner), natural daughter of Jasper Tudor; executrix, life tenant St.
Mildred/St. Mary Woolnoth; guardian children; rem. William Sybson skinner 1502.
Thomas Gardiner (ca. 1478–1536) – Son/heir of Sir William Gardiner (skinner) and Ellen Tudor; king's chaplain, Westminster chamberlain, Lady Chapel/Henry
VII Chantry head, prior Tynemouth/Blyth; Flowers of England propagandist.
Philippa Gardiner (fl. 1485–1502, minor) – Daughter of Sir William (skinner) and Ellen Tudor.
Margaret Gardiner (fl. 1485–1502, minor) – Daughter of Sir William (skinner) and Ellen Tudor; goddaughter of uncle fishmonger variant.
Beatrix (Beatrice) Gardiner (fl. 1485–1502, minor) – Daughter of Sir William (skinner) and Ellen Tudor.
Anne Gardiner (fl. 1485–1502, minor) – Daughter of Sir William (skinner) and Ellen Tudor.
Robert Gardiner (fl. 1485) – Brother of Sir William Gardiner (skinner); overseer will.
John Gardiner (fl. 1485, d. ca. 1487) – Brother of Sir William Gardiner (skinner), tailor; Fabian executor.
Margaret Gardiner (sister) (fl. 1485) – Sister of Sir William Gardiner (skinner).
Maud Gardiner (fl. 1485) – Sister of Sir William Gardiner (skinner) (secondary abstracts).
Alice Gardiner (fl. 1485) – Sister of Sir William Gardiner (skinner) (secondary abstracts).
William Gardiner (godson) (fl. 1485) – Son of brother Richard Gardiner.
Margaret Gardiner (goddaughter) (fl. 1485) – Daughter of brother Richard Gardiner.
Elyn (d. before 1489) – First wife of Richard Gardiner.
Ralph Gardiner (d. before 1489) – Son of Richard Gardiner and Elyn.
Audry (Etheldreda) Cotton (ca. 1440s–after 1500) – Second wife of Richard Gardiner, widow Thomas Barton, later m. Sir Gilbert Talbot 1490; life tenant
manors/tenements, executrix, guardian Giles Alington.
Mary Gardiner (Lady Mary Alington) (ca. 1483–after 1537) – Daughter/heir of Richard Gardiner and Audry Cotton; m. Giles Alington ca. 1504.
Joan Berton (Barton) (ca. 1470s–after 1490) – Step-daughter of Richard Gardiner (Audry's by Thomas Barton).
John Berton (Barton) (ca. 1470s–after 1490) – Step-son of Richard Gardiner.
Catherine Berton (Barton) (ca. 1470s–after 1490) – Step-daughter of Richard Gardiner.
John Partriche (fl. 1489) – Brother of Richard Gardiner.
Agnes Lolham (fl. 1489) – Sister of Richard Gardiner.
Elizabeth Wing (Wynge) (fl. 1489) – Sister of Richard Gardiner.
Marion Massam (fl. 1489) – Sister of Richard Gardiner.
Richard Massam (fl. 1489) – Cousin of Richard Gardiner.
Catherine White (fl. 1489) – Cousin of Richard Gardiner (with children).
William Massam (fl. 1489) – Cousin of Richard Gardiner, Prior Durham/Blyth.
Elizabeth Massam (fl. 1489) – Cousin of Richard Gardiner (if unmarried).
Elizabeth Wynge (fl. 1489) – Cousin of Richard Gardiner.
William Hamshire (fl. 1489) – Relative (children legatees).
Agnes Rolff of Burwell (fl. 1489) – Relative (children legatees).
Jerom Clyfford (fl. 1489) – Cousin of Richard Gardiner.
Dame Alice Hamptone (d. 1516) – Vowess Haliwell Priory, legatee (£10).
Civic Officials and 1485 Delegation (Mayors/Aldermen 1465–1485 + Delegation)
Sir Ralph Josselyn (Jocelyn) – Mayor 1464–65, 1468–69, 1471–72; Alderman Broad Street 1446–1470; Mercer (1477 election convocation).
Sir Matthew Philip (Phillips) – Mayor 1465–66; Alderman Bridge Without 1465–1480; Mercer.
Sir Hugh Wiche (Witch/Weitch) – Mayor 1466–67; Alderman Lime Street 1456–1471; Mercer.
Sir William Stoker (Stokker) – Sheriff 1466–67; Alderman Castle Baynard 1466–1485; Draper; Mayor 1485 (died in office); 1485 delegation.
Sir Thomas Owyn (Owen) – Mayor 1467–68; Alderman Broad Street 1445–1483; Mercer.
Sir William Crosby (Crosbie) – Sheriff 1468; Alderman Bread Street 1468–1471; Draper.
Sir John Stockton – Mayor 1470–71; Alderman Bridge Within 1446–1497; Mercer (1469 fine with Richard Gardiner).
Sir Richard Lee – Sheriff 1461 (influence 1465–85); Alderman Walbrook 1446–1503; Mercer (1477 election).
Sir William Hampton – Mayor 1472–73; Alderman Farringdon Within 1451–1483; Fishmonger (uncle Dame Alice Hampton legatee).
Sir John Tate – Mayor 1473–74; Alderman Bridge Within 1453–1508; Mercer (co-executor Richard's will).
Sir Hugh Brice (Drope/Wiche) – Mayor 1474–75; Alderman Cripplegate Within 1453–1480; Draper (1477 election).
Sir Robert Basset – Mayor 1475–76; Alderman Farringdon Without 1446–1484; Mercer (1477 election).
Sir Ralph Verney – Sheriff 1467; Alderman Farringdon Within 1446–1478; Mercer (1477 election).
Sir Humphrey Hayford (Heyford) – Mayor 1477–78; Alderman Billingsgate 1453–1480; Mercer (1477 election).
Sir John Brown (Broun) – Mayor 1480–81; Alderman Cordwainer 1455–1497; Mercer (1477 election).
Sir William Hariot (Hariot) – Mayor 1481–82; Alderman Aldersgate 1465–1482; Mercer.
Sir Robert Billesdon (Billesdone) – Mayor 1483–84; Alderman Bread Street 1465–1493; Haberdasher (1477 election).
Sir Thomas Hill (Hille) – Mayor 1484–85; Alderman Coleman Street 1465–1493; Grocer.
Sir John Ward (Warde) – Mayor 1485 (succeeding Stokker); Alderman Dowgate 1478–1485, Bishopsgate 1485–1501; Sheriff 1479–80; Grocer; 1485 delegation.
Sir Thomas Fitzwilliam – Recorder of London ca. 1473–1490; Speaker House of Commons 1489–1490; Serjeant-at-Law; 1485 delegation.
Thomas Burgoyne (Burgoyn/Bourgoin) – Mercer, guild representative, 1485 delegation (enfeoffor fishmonger will).
Sir John Fenkill (Fenkell) – Draper, alderman from 1485, knighted 6 Jan 1487, 1485 delegation.
Hugh Pemberton – Tailor, guild representative, future alderman, 1485 delegation.
John Stork (Storke) – Grocer, guild representative, 1485 delegation.
William Edward – Alderman (1477 election convocation).
William Taillour – Knight, alderman (1477 election convocation).
Bartholomew James – Knight, alderman (1477 election convocation).
Thomas Stalbroke – Knight, alderman (1477 election convocation).
William Heriot – Alderman (1477 election convocation).
Military/Bosworth Figures and Kings/Earls
Jasper Tudor (1431–1495) – Duke of Bedford, Earl of Pembroke, father of Ellen Tudor, uncle Henry VII; "kinsman i'r Dywysawdyr Jasper" (Welsh chronicles).
Henry VII (1457–1509) – King of England, nephew Jasper Tudor, beneficiary coup; knighted Sir William Gardiner at Bosworth.
Sir Gilbert Talbot (1450–1522) – Knighted at Bosworth, commander, m. Audry Cotton (Richard's widow 1490).
Sir Rhys ap Thomas (1449–1525) – Knighted at Bosworth, Welsh commander; "Rhys ap Thomas troops found Richard’s crown in the hands of William
Gardyner".
Sir Humphrey Stanley – Knighted at Bosworth; payoff chain "Stanley bribe".
Thomas Stanley (d. 1504) – Lord Stanley, crowned Henry VII at Bosworth.
William Dawbeney – Knight, Clerk of Jewels to Richard III, attainted treason; delivered gold salt to Gardiner.
Richard III (1452–1485) – King of England, slain at Bosworth by Sir William Gardiner's poleaxe.
Additional from Biography/Hertfordshire Ties (Not in Prior Phases)
Giles Daubeny (Daubeney) – Clerk of jewels, attainted 1485, fled to Henry Tudor in Brittany, knighted 1485/86, Baron Daubeney 1486, Lord Chamberlain 1495.
Sir William Alington – Yorkist knight, killed at Bosworth fighting for Richard III, father of ward Giles Alington.
George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence – Brother of Edward IV and Richard III, executed 1478.
Prior of Christchurch (Aldgate) – Present at 1477 mayoral election convocation.
Sir John Yonge (Young) – Knight, alderman, present at 1477 election.
Sir William Taillour (Taylor) – Knight, alderman, present at 1477 election.
Sir Bartholomew James – Knight, alderman, present at 1477 election.
Sir Thomas Stalbroke (Stalbrook) – Knight, alderman, present at 1477 election.
William Heriot (Heryot) – Alderman, present at 1477 election.
John Broun (Brown) – Alderman, present at 1477 election.
Robert Billesdone (Billesdon) – Alderman, present at 1477 election.
Thomas Bledlowe (Bledlow) – Alderman, present at 1477 election.
Sir Robert Drope – Alderman, sheriff with Richard Gardiner 1469, present at 1477 election.
Robert Byfeld (Byfelde) – Sheriff 1469, fined £50 by Mayor Gardiner for “unfittyng words”.
Thomas Oxenbrigge – Esquire, protection revoked 1470 (caught with Earl of Warwick at Calais).
Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick – "Kingmaker", captain of Calais 1470.
Richard FitzHugh, Lord FitzHugh – Granted custody of Petherton Park after Daubeny attainder.
Sir Reginald Bray – Consulted Daubeny about Henry Tudor's invasion.
Sir Thomas Lovell – Yorkist turned Tudor.
Sir John Cheyney – Tudor commander at Bosworth.
Sir Edward Poynings – Tudor loyalist.
Sir William Brandon – Tudor standard-bearer, killed at Bosworth.
Sir John Paston – Norfolk knight, Tudor supporter.
Sir Thomas Bourchier – Tudor loyalist.
Sir Giles Daubeney (senior) – Father of Giles Daubeny, d. 1460/61.
Sir William Daubeney – Grandfather of Giles Daubeny, d. 1424.
Elizabeth Beaumont – Suggested wife of Thomas Gardiner (d. ca. 1463) in hearsay pedigrees.
William Petteworth – Former life tenant Haywharf Lane (fishmonger will).
Sir Humphrey Starky – Sergeant-at-law, quitrent St. Pancras 1478.
John Grene – Esq, quitrent 1478.
Elizabeth Prudde – Prioress St John Bapt Haliwell, quitrent 1478.
Milo Adys – Chamberlain 1479–84, bonds 1479.
Thomas Hobersty – Curriour, bond 1479.
John Clerk – Bond 1479.
William Ilgar – Bond 1479.
Edmund Worsley – Mercer, bond 1479.
Henry Bumpstede – Mercer, bond 1479.
Robert Frogmorton – Dower 1479.
Sir Thomas Howghton – Rector St Margaret Patens 1479.
Thomas Acton – Bailiff Southwark 1479.
Thomas Cotton – Keeper Ludgate Gaol 1479.
John Curate – Fletcher, jury discharge 1479.
William Serle – Tailor, jury discharge 1479.
Sir John Cheswright – Chantry St Paul's 1478.
William Campion – Conduit pipe Fleet Street 1478.
William Philipp – Chamberlain 1478.
Robert Harlyng – Sheriff 1479, toll leather Stortford.
Robert of Claynes – Worc, will 1476, wife Margery, daughters Margaret/Elenor/Anne.
Richard Lord de Beauchamp – Lands Dirsand/Horton/Eastenore Heref 1476.
William Bailye – Rector Matham, attorney 1476.
John Prior – St Giles Lesser Malvern convent 1476.
John Beauchamp – Knight, Lord Beauchamp, patent Edw IV 1462.
John Doget – London, goods 1461.
William Stevenes – Apprentice Richard Gardiner 1447–48.
Nicholas Fitzherbert – Apprentice Richard Gardiner 1456–57.
Thomas Edgore – Apprentice Richard Gardiner 1457–58.
Thomas Donnilton – Apprentice Richard Gardiner 1458–59.
William Vowell – Apprentice Richard Gardiner 1463–64.
John Whittok – Apprentice Richard Gardiner 1463–64.
Roger Amondysham – Declarations Roger Holme Astbury rectory 1459.
William Collett – Declarations Roger Holme/Skyddemore Fulmor Estnor 1459.
Maud Fulmor – Skyddemore/Collett Estnor 1459.
Simon de Valle – Papal delegate Roger Holme excomm Richard Andrewe Astbury 1439.
John Don – Stockton fine lands 1469.
Nicholas Wendover – Stockton fine lands 1469.
Thomas Gurney – Stockton fine lands 1469.
William Andrewe – Stockton fine lands 1469, wife Isabel, Henry de Haliwell.
Isabel (Andrewe) – Wife William Andrewe, Stockton fine 1469.
Henry de Haliwell – Stockton fine lands 1469.
Thesis Summary: The Merchant Coup of 1485
The Gardiner syndicate—three Williams (mercer d. 1489, fishmonger d. 1480, skinner d. 1485), brothers Robert/John, sisters Margaret/Maud/Alice—embodied London's
closed staple: a neighborhood clan (Poultry/Soper Lane/Thames Street) whose wool/hides/victuals orchestrated Bosworth as "merchants' fray" (NLW MS 2). Richard's
Mercers mastery and £2,000 Calais exports evaded £15,000 duties (10,000 "lost" sacks via Hanse Bruges), provisioning Jasper Tudor's 1,200 Welsh levies (£5/head);
fishmonger's Haywharf fluxed herring; skinner's hides armed pikes for Sir William's poleaxe ("lladdwyd ef gan Syr Wyllyam Gardynyr," NLW MS 5276D). Ellen Tudor's
Compiled By David T Gardner, August 10th, 2015
^
Pardon
1484, 1 Nov. 2 Rich.III. Westm.—Pardon to Richard Gardener, alias, Gardyner, under his several titles of merchant, of London, citizen and mercer, citizen and alderman, late mayor, and late one of the sheriffs, of all offences committed before 21 day of Feb. last, specially with reference to the Crown; excepting any matters of account with the Staple of Cales, the Chamberlains of Chester, the Keepers of the Wardrobe, &c.Indenture
1485, 1 Nov., 1 Hen. VII.—Indenture (signed by the King “HR") between Hen. VII. and Richard Gardyner, witnessing that the King has received of the latter “a salte of golde with a cover stondyng upon a moren garnysshed with perles and precious stones, the which salte was sumtyme belonging to Richard late in dede and not in right Kyng of England, and delyvered to the said Richard Gardyner by oon William Dabeney, late Clerke of the Jewells of the said late pretended Kyng in plegge for lxvili. xiijs. iiijd., the which some the said late Kyng borowed of the said Richard Gardyner. And where also as the said late pretended Kyng borowed of the Mayre and Aldremen of the said citie of London that tyme beyng the some of xxiiijc li. that is to Sey of every of the said Aldremen” 100l., and laid in pledge “a coronall of golde garnysshed with precious stones and many other grete and riche jewelles,” as by a bill indented more plainly appears, and forasmuch as the said jewels yet remain in the keeping of the Mayor and Aldermen, the said 2,400l. being not yet paid, the said Richard Gardyner acknowledgeth himself by these presents to be fully satisfied, content and paid by the King of his 100l. So lent. Fragment of signet. (In a small box.)Provisional Grant
1485, 8 Dec., 1 Hen. VII.—Provisional grant by John, Earl of Oxynford, to Richard Gardyner of the wardship, &c. conveyed in the following deed of 4 May, 1486, which are about to be granted to the said Earl by the King, but of which “the letters patents be not as yit made.” Seal nearly perfect. (In a small box.)Indenture
1486, 15 March, 1 Hen. VII.—Indenture between Richard, Lord Beauchamp, and Richard Twigge, citizen and mercer of London, by which the former, in the parish of our Lady of the Bow in the ward of Cordwainer Street, delivers to Twigge the following plate and jewels; six bowls, with a cover of silver, gilt, weighing 88 ounces of troy weight, a pendant, a buckle, seventeen “bolions,' a spoon and a saltcellar of silver and gilt, weighing together 16# ounces, a chalice with a paten, a pix with a crucifix, and a powder box of silver, gilt, weighing together 27# ounces, a standing cup, with a cover, parcel gilt, weighing 22 ounces, a low standing cup, with a cover, parcel gilt, weighing 15% ounces, three noses of three candlesticks, three “cupre prykkes,” and one eggshell of silver, weighing together 17# ounces, and one Paris (“pis”) flat piece of silver, weighing 11 ounces; in consideration of the receipt of 962 lbs., “of poleyn wez, gode and merchaunt"; with the condition that if the said lord Beauchamp pay on the feast of Allhalowen next coming the sum of 33l. 8s. 9d., then the plate and jewels shall be returned.Assignment
1486, 4 May, 1 Hen. VII.—Assignment by John, Earl of Oxynford, to Richard Gardyner, alderman of London, of the wardship and marriage of “Giglis” son and heir of William Alington, esq., and the keeping of his lands, which had been assigned to the said Earl by letters patent of the King, dated 1 April preceding. Broken seal. (In a small box.)Assignment
1487, 2 June, 2 Hen. VII.—Assignment by Elizabeth, widow of William Alington, esq., of Horseth, and others, to Richard Gardener, citizen and alderman of London, of the wardship of her son Giles for the term of five years, with an annual rent of 100l.
Will and Testament
The will of Richard Gardyner; with the probate annexed, showing it to have been proved at Lambeth, Feb. 4, 1489. It consists at present of three pieces of parchment united, together with the probate, by a band of parchment and the seal of the Archbishop. From the tenor of the will it is probable that the earlier portion is now wanting. The abstract of the portion now remaining is as follows:—"He directs that, after his decease, his manor of Westlewaterle, ( Westley Waterless ) in the county of Cambridge, should remain to Audry, hie wife, for life, and then to his daughter Mary, in tail; with remainder to Joan Berton, daughter to his wife Audry, in tail; with remainder to John Berton, brother to the said Joan, in tail; with remainder to Catherine Berton, their sister, in tail; with remainder to the testator's right heirs. He bequeathed his lands and tenements called Carbonelles and Stystedys, (Cardinal Green) lying in Horseheath and Little Camps in the same county, in the same manner, excepting that the limitation to Catherine preceded that to Joan and John. He directs that Audry, his wife, should have the rule of his ward, Giles Allington, whom he had ordained to be married to his daughter Mary. And if the said Giles should die before the marriage was completed with Mary, then George, the next brother, was to have her to wife 'if the children can so agree;' and should George also die and the marriage with Mary not be completed, her marriage he leaves to the rule of his executors. Should both George and Giles die, and their sister Margery be under age, he leaves her wardship to his wife Audry.
"The next bequest is a curious one, being of a sum of money to provide a state pall* for the Mercers' Company, and is in these words: 'Item: I bequethe xx marc, and more if nede be, therewith myne executours to do make a clothe of the beste tyssue that they cane bye; and apparell it with frynge and all other thingis that longethe therto, for to remaigne with the commanaltie of my crafte of mercery of Londone, to serue and lye uppone them that bene brethren and sustrene in the lyuery of the same crafte, whan they be deceassed, with myne armys to be sette upone the same clothe, to have my sowle in better remembraunce.'
"He next bequeaths all his gowns, hoods, cloaks, doublets, shirts, caps, girdles, pawteners, daggers, knives, purses, beads, rings, chains of gold, and crosses of gold, pertaining to his own proper wear, to be sold, and, with the produce, stuffs and linen to be purchased to make gowns, coats, and other garments, to be given to poor householders.
"He also leaves numerous legacies of money to various relatives, viz.: his brother John Partriche; his sister Agnes Lollym (?); his sister Elizabeth Wing; his sister Marion Massam; his cousin Richard Massam; his cousin Catherine White and her children; his cousin William Massam; (Prior of Durham, Prior of Blyth) his cousin Elizabeth Massam (if she be unmarried); his cousin Elizabeth Wynge; the children of William Hamshire, and also of Agnes Rolff of Burwell; John, Joan, and Catherine Bartone, children of his wife Audry; his cousin Jerom Clyfford, 'to finde hym to scole, or to sette him prentice, or to make him a man of religion,' x marcs. He likewise bequeaths x marcs ' to my lady Dame Alice Hamptone.' Then follows a bequest of forty marcs to provide dowries for poor maidens, four nobles each, with preference to his own poor kin; also bequests to his servants and godchildren. The residue he leaves to his wife, whom he appoints executor, together with John Tate, Alderman of London; and he appoints John Heigham, gentleman, overseer of the will. Towards the close of the will is an earnest request to the commissary or official that he would exact an oath from the executors not to act singly, as if he feared some difference of opinion between them.
The Probate Act is annexed, and the whole united by a band of parchment, to which is attached the seal of Archbishop
Notices of similar bequests, and a description of some of the State Palls that have been preserved by the City Companies, will be found in Herbert's History of the Twelve Livery Companies, vol. i. p. 71. No mention, however, is made of any pall of the Mercers' Company.
Three several portions on parchment of the will of Richard Gardyner citizen of London for which letters of administration were granted 4 Feb 1489 He leaves his manor of Westle Watirle and his lands called Carbonelles and Stystedys in Orsett and Little Camps Cambridgeshire &c to his wife Awdry with the wardship of Giles Alington who is to be married to his daughter Mary and if the said Giles predecease then the wardship of his second brother George with the same condition of marriage if they so agree Amongst many other bequests he leaves 20 marks or more if need be to make a cloth of the best tissue that his executors can buy and to apparel it with fringe and all other things that longeth thereto to remain with the commonalty of my crafte of mercery of London to serve and lye uppon them that ben brethren and sustreñ in the lyverye of the same crafte whan they be deceased with myn armys to be sette upon the same clothe to have my sowle in better remembrance Also all his gowns hoods cloaks doublets shirts caps girdles pawteners daggers knives purses bedes rings chains of gold and crosses of gold pertaining to his own power to be sold for the most value in ready money to be bestowed in buying friezes and linen cloth to make gowns coats and other garments for men women and children and to make of the linen cloth shirts smocks and sheets for men women and children to be disposed amongst poor householders and others after the discretion of his executors.
— David T. Gardner Historian Emeritus, Gardner Family Trust Guardian of Sir William’s Key™ Gardners Lane, London EC4V 3PA, UK
![(Sir William Gardiner) (Alderman Richard Gardiner) (Thomas Gardiner Bridge Warden) (Ellen Tudor) (GARDA) (GARDNER LANE) (KNIGHT) (FAMILY) (UNICORN_TAVERN) (HANSE) (SYNDICATE) (GUILDS) (UNION) (GUILD) (MERCERS) (MERCENARY) (COMMANDER)[LOGISTICS_NODE] (CITY_OF_LONDON) (LONDON_NODE) (SOUTHWARK_NODE) (SOUTHWARK_LIBERTY) (STEELYARD_NODE) (CALAIS_NODE) (DOCKS) (HAYWARF_TRUST) (BRIDGE_WARDEN) (TOWER) (TAVERN) [ASSET_HOLDER] [DIRECTOR_OFFICE] [DATABASE_RELATION_LINKS] (BLACK_BUDGET) (KINGS_DUE) (TOLL_CUSTOMS) (SKIM) (DEBT) (BANK) (COMMERCE) (FORECLOSURE) (PAYOFF) (THE_PAYOFF) (BRIBE) (VERTICAL_INTAGRATION) (DEBT_TERM) (AUDIT_TRAIL) [ACCESS_GRANTED] (DOMESTIC_CLEARING) (EQUITY_WASH) (GARDNER_TRUST) (PRIMARY_INK) (1485) (2PRINCES) (BATTLE) (BOSWORTH) (RICHARD_IIIRD) (COUP) (REGICIDE) (ANCIENT_RITES) (LIBERTY) (LIBERTYS) (ROYAL) (ROYALS) (WELSH) (HISTORY) (PARDON) (POLEAXE) (LANCASTER) (YORK)(HENRY_VII) (TUDOR) (DIPLOMAT) (LAW) (LEGAL_CORPUS) (PROPERTY_CORPUS) (POLICY) (SEARCHER) (CHARTER) (ANCIENT_RIGHTS) (TRADE) (WOOL_CLOTH) (COTSWOOL) (TEXTILE) (CARGO) (CARGO_WOLVES) (COTTON) (COAL) (TIN) [ENTITY_CHAIN] (SIR_WILLIAMS_KEY) (CIPHER) (ORTHOGRPHAPHIC_EVASION) (ERASURE) (HISTORY) (DOCUMENT) (EITHER_VAIL) (STEMMA_COLLAPSE) (MARSH_TRAP) (LONDON_METHOD) (PROPAGANDA) (MEDIA_RELATIONS) (GUILD_VEIL) (ST_MILDREDS) (ST_PANCRAS) (ATTAINMENT) (ORTHOGRAPHY) (SOURCE) (UNICORN_DEBT) (THESIS) [BLOOD_BOND] (DOC)(Count House Capitol) (Haywarf Associates) (Red Poleaxe Forge & Armory) (Talbot Beaufort and Gardiner TBaG) ,(HANSE) (Merchant Adventurers) (Merchants of the Staple) (Levant Company) (Merchants of the Unicorn) (Hanseatic League)(ST_THOMAS_DE_ACON) (MEDICI) (FUGGERS) (WELSER) (BARDI) (BORRROMEI) (FITZURYAN) (UNICORN_CAPITAL) (BANKING_CORPUS) (Compagnia dei Bardi) (Banco dei Medici) (Ulrich Fugger und Bruders) (Haus Welsner) (Galeazzo di Borromeo & Co)](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgFvhnuJaI97HrBHmeFv91VCTVWNzVlxDdrfr1Cv3bopGW_-F0CIkAizRQ9JlJGUAjbLBGi79XayxNPt1GE7XZ1ufybgOP-bQrb_lH2N-8cAonH4VOVWxSUc0ghFp7AqC8ugp7Jb9ZAZQVIraib2d8StSpqtAN3CyZhBrNuofOZYubBvkvCL7j4ZTCXbM4=s16000 "Seal Sir William Gardiner d. 1485, Killed Richard IIIrd at Battle of Bosworth,")
Sir William’s Key™ The Future of History
[DECODE THE LEDGER]: This entry is indexed via the Sir William’s Key™ Master Codex. To view the full relational schema of the 1485 Merchant Coup, visit the [Master Registry Link].
Legally ours via KingSlayersCourt.com,timestamped May 11, 2026, 11:29 AM —© David T. Gardner