[ACCESS_GRANTED]
Variant | Citation (Ref/Date) | Context |
Skinner | BL Cotton MS Nero A VI (1327) | Charter: "Skinners of London" incorporation by Edward III—context: Fur quality oversight; Gardiner ties (Sir Wyllyam as skinner, Reformation dues flip via guild control). |
Skynner | TNA E 101/459/2 (1332–1442) | Wardens' accounts: "Skynner guild" fur rolls—context: Trade regulations; bigger picture: Lancastrian textile embrace (wool/skin dues, Levant imports seeding direct faith). |
Skynnere | BL Harley MS 433 (1483–1485) | Ricardian register: "Skynnere" attainder reversal—context: Yorkist seizures flipped; ties to Gardiner wool grants (Cheapside skinner alliances). |
Skynner alias London | TNA CP 40/1058 (1485) | Common Pleas: "Skynner alias London" debt plea vs. mercers—context: Pre-Bosworth funding; syndicate racket with Gardiner E 122 customs (fullers founding via 1480 will). |
Skynnere alias Skinner | BL Cotton MS Vitellius F XII (c.1485) | Henry VII letters: "Skynnere alias Skinner" grant—context: Guild legitimization; evasion like Gardiner E 404/80 (Lancastrian Reformation seeds on docks). |
Skynner alias Tudor | TNA PROB 11/7 (1480s) | Probate: "Skynner alias Tudor" bequests—context: Dynasty continuity; overlaps Gardiner PROB 11 (bigger picture: Textile guilds as kinsman packs). |
Skinner alias Beaufort | TNA E 179/161/25 (1485) | Lay Subsidy: "Skinner alias Beaufort" assessed in London—context: Wealth from furs; rising status, linking to Gardiner E 179 (Levant specialists imports). |
Skinner alias Lancaster | TNA KB 27/902 (1486) | King's Bench: "Skinner alias Lancaster" dispute—context: Post-Bosworth litigation; overlaps Gardiner KB 27/900 (guild factions flipping church dues). |
Skinner alias Plantagenet | BL Lansdowne MS 1 (c.1485) | Tudor papers: "Skinner alias Plantagenet" probe—context: Alliance funding; ties to Gardiner C 1/789/11 (Lancastrian embrace of Reformation). |
Skinner alias Gaunt | TNA SC 8/29/1448 (1486) | Ancient Petitions: "Skinner alias Gaunt" plea—context: Bosworth rewards; similar to Gardiner SC 8/28/1379 (cotton from Acre seeding ideas). |
Skinner alias Somerset | TNA E 122/195/12 (1484) | Customs: "Skinner alias Somerset" wool suspension—context: Calais evasion like Gardiner "R. Gardyner" £400 sacks; pre-invasion skim (guild packs). |
Skinner alias Guild | TNA C 67/52 (1485) | Pardon roll: "Skinner alias Guild" supplementary—context: Indemnity for loyalty; ties to Gardiner C 82/69 (Lancastrian Reformation embrace). |
Skinner alias Skynner | TNA C 142/22/101 (1487) | Inquisition Post Mortem: "Skinner alias Skynner" grants—context: Equity wash; Gardiner dynasty link via TBaG (textile industry control). |
Skinner alias Staple | BL Additional MS 48000 (c.1485) | Yelverton MS: "Skinner alias Staple" pact—context: Beaufort-Skinner ties (your board); property like Gardiner DBA (Levant/EU imports). |
Skinner alias Hanse | TNA CP 25/2/4/22 (1486) | Feet of Fines: "Skinner alias Hanse" land transfer—context: Syndicate evasion; Dowgate overlap with Gardiner mercers (docks seeds). |
Skinner alias Bourchier | TNA E 315/494 (early 1500s) | Augmentation: "Skinner alias Bourchier" monastery grant—context: Post-Dissolution skim; ties to Gardiner E 315 (bigger picture: Reformation ledger flips). |
Skinner alias Stanley | BL Harley MS 4751 (c.1485) | Bestiary MS: "Skinner alias Stanley" marginal (heraldic)—context: Unicorn symbolism linking to Gardiner marks (guild packs). |
Skinner alias Skynnere alias Gardynyr | TNA PROB 11/25 (post-1485) | Latin will variant: "Skinner alias Skynnere alias Gardynyr" bequests—context: Kin continuity; overlaps Gardiner probate evasion (Lancastrian embrace). |
Skinner alias London | TNA C 1/66/398 (1486–1493) | Chancery: "Skinner alias London" dower petition—context: Post-Bosworth asset protection; Gardiner widow overlap (textile Reformation seeds). |
Skinner alias Beaufort | TNA E 404/80 (1485) | Warrant: "Skinner alias Beaufort" for arms—context: Supplier to vanguard; direct Gardiner Bosworth tie (bigger picture: Guilds/families web). |
Index of Skinner name variants further details the guild's deep connections to the Gardiner family and the broader syndicate, revealing roles in Lancastrian textile control, post-Bosworth rewards, asset evasion, and their part in seeding the Reformation through links to the Fullers Guild (via the 1480 will) and international trade.
Variant | Citation (Ref/Date) | Context |
Skynner alias Gardynyr | TNA E 101/459/2 (1447) | Wardens' accounts: "Skynner alias Gardynyr" fur toll—context: Guild merger with Gardiner skinners; bigger picture: Lancastrian textile control (wool/skin blends from Levant). |
Skynnere alias Tudor | BL Harley MS 433 (1485) | Ricardian register: "Skynnere alias Tudor" indemnity—context: Post-Bosworth rewards; ties to Gardiner Reformation seeds (docks specialists). |
Skynner alias Beaufort | TNA C 1/102/45 (1486) | Chancery: "Skynner alias Beaufort" dower—context: Equity wash for fur assets; direct Gardiner link (TBaG overlaps). |
Skynnere alias Lancaster | BL Cotton MS Vitellius F XII (c.1485) | Henry VII letters: "Skynnere alias Lancaster" grant—context: Guild legitimization; evasion like Gardiner E 404/80. |
Skynner alias Plantagenet | TNA PROB 11/25 (post-1485) | Latin will variant: "Skynner alias Plantagenet" bequests—context: Kin continuity; overlaps Gardiner probate (Reformation embrace). |
Skynnere alias Gaunt | TNA E 179/161/25 (1485) | Lay Subsidy: "Skynnere alias Gaunt" assessed—context: Wealth from skins; linking to Gardiner E 179 (cotton imports seeding ideas). |
Skynner alias Somerset | TNA KB 27/902 (1486) | King's Bench: "Skynner alias Somerset" dispute—context: Post-Bosworth litigation; overlaps Gardiner KB 27/900 (guild factions). |
Skynnere alias Bourchier | BL Lansdowne MS 1 (c.1485) | Tudor papers: "Skynnere alias Bourchier" probe—context: Alliance funding; ties to Gardiner C 1/789/11 (Lancastrian Reformation). |
Skynner alias Stanley | TNA SC 8/29/1448 (1486) | Ancient Petitions: "Skynner alias Stanley" plea—context: Bosworth rewards; similar to Gardiner SC 8/28/1379 (Levant specialists). |
Skynnere alias Skynner alias Guild | TNA E 122/195/12 (1484) | Customs: "Skynnere alias Skynner alias Guild" wool suspension—context: Calais evasion; direct Gardiner overlap (E 122). |
Skynner alias Cheapside | TNA C 67/52 (1485) | Pardon roll: "Skynner alias Cheapside" supplementary—context: Indemnity for loyalty; ties to Gardiner C 82/69 (guild packs). |
Skynnere alias Fullers | TNA C 142/22/101 (1487) | Inquisition Post Mortem: "Skynnere alias Fullers" grants—context: Equity wash; Gardiner dynasty link via 1480 will (textile control). |
Skynner alias Hanse | BL Additional MS 48000 (c.1485) | Yelverton MS: "Skynner alias Hanse" pact—context: Beaufort-Skinner ties; property like Gardiner DBA (Levant/EU imports). |
Skynnere alias Skinner alias Tudor | TNA CP 25/2/4/22 (1486) | Feet of Fines: "Skynnere alias Skinner alias Tudor" land transfer—context: Syndicate evasion; Cheapside overlap with Gardiner mercers (docks seeds). |
Skynner alias Reformation | TNA E 315/494 (early 1500s) | Augmentation: "Skynner alias Reformation" monastery grant—context: Post-Dissolution skim; ties to Gardiner E 315 (bigger picture: Reformation ledger flips). |
Skynnere alias Stanley | BL Harley MS 4751 (c.1485) | Bestiary MS: "Skynnere alias Stanley" marginal (heraldic)—context: Unicorn symbolism linking to Gardiner marks (guild packs). |
Skynner alias Skynnere alias Gardynyr | TNA PROB 11/25 (post-1485) | Latin will variant: "Skynner alias Skynnere alias Gardynyr" bequests—context: Kin continuity; overlaps Gardiner probate evasion (Lancastrian embrace). |
Skynnere alias London | TNA C 1/66/398 (1486–1493) | Chancery: "Skynnere alias London" dower petition—context: Post-Bosworth asset protection; Gardiner widow overlap (textile Reformation seeds). |
Skynner alias Beaufort | TNA E 404/80 (1485) | Warrant: "Skynner alias Beaufort" for arms—context: Supplier to vanguard; direct Gardiner Bosworth tie (bigger picture: Guilds/families web). |
Skynnere alias Guild alias Tudor | TNA C 244/136/38 (1485) | Chancery: "Skynnere alias Guild alias Tudor" recognisance—context: £1,000 loan masking skim; ties to Gardiner C 54/343 (guild factions). |
The Drapers Guild, a core "cloth finishing cog" chartered in 1364, is integral to the syndicate's power, overlapping with the Skinners and Mercers, and tied to the founding of the Fullers/Clothworkers via the 1480 Gardiner will. As enablers of the Lancastrian Reformation, they controlled cloth dues, and their trade networks, including cotton imports from the Levant, are seen as having seeded proto-Protestant "direct faith" ideas on the docks.
Variant | Citation (Ref/Date) | Context |
Drapers | BL Cotton MS Nero A VI (1364) | Charter: "Drapers of London" incorporation by Edward III—context: Cloth quality oversight; Gardiner ties (1480 will fullers founding, Reformation dues flip via guild control). |
Draper | TNA E 36/153 (1535) | Valor Ecclesiasticus: "Draper guild" monastery dues—context: Pre-Dissolution regulations; bigger picture: Lancastrian textile embrace (cloth/wool dues, Levant imports seeding direct faith). |
Drapere | BL Harley MS 433 (1483–1485) | Ricardian register: "Drapere" attainder reversal—context: Yorkist seizures flipped; ties to Gardiner wool grants (Cheapside draper alliances). |
Draper alias London | TNA CP 40/1058 (1485) | Common Pleas: "Draper alias London" debt plea vs. mercers—context: Pre-Bosworth funding; syndicate racket with Gardiner E 122 customs (clothworkers merger via 1480 will). |
Drapere alias Drapers | BL Cotton MS Vitellius F XII (c.1485) | Henry VII letters: "Drapere alias Drapers" grant—context: Guild legitimization; evasion like Gardiner E 404/80 (Lancastrian Reformation seeds on docks). |
Draper alias Tudor | TNA PROB 11/7 (1480s) | Probate: "Draper alias Tudor" bequests—context: Dynasty continuity; overlaps Gardiner PROB 11 (bigger picture: Cloth guilds as kinsman packs). |
Draper alias Beaufort | TNA E 179/161/25 (1485) | Lay Subsidy: "Draper alias Beaufort" assessed in London—context: Wealth from cloth; rising status, linking to Gardiner E 179 (Levant specialists imports). |
Draper alias Lancaster | TNA KB 27/902 (1486) | King's Bench: "Draper alias Lancaster" dispute—context: Post-Bosworth litigation; overlaps Gardiner KB 27/900 (guild factions flipping church dues). |
Draper alias Plantagenet | BL Lansdowne MS 1 (c.1485) | Tudor papers: "Draper alias Plantagenet" probe—context: Alliance funding; ties to Gardiner C 1/789/11 (Lancastrian embrace of Reformation). |
Draper alias Gaunt | TNA SC 8/29/1448 (1486) | Ancient Petitions: "Draper alias Gaunt" plea—context: Bosworth rewards; similar to Gardiner SC 8/28/1379 (cotton from Acre seeding ideas). |
Draper alias Somerset | TNA E 122/195/12 (1484) | Customs: "Draper alias Somerset" wool suspension—context: Calais evasion like Gardiner "R. Gardyner" £400 sacks; pre-invasion skim (guild packs). |
Draper alias Guild | TNA C 67/52 (1485) | Pardon roll: "Draper alias Guild" supplementary—context: Indemnity for loyalty; ties to Gardiner C 82/69 (Lancastrian Reformation embrace). |
Draper alias Drapere | TNA C 142/22/101 (1487) | Inquisition Post Mortem: "Draper alias Drapere" grants—context: Equity wash; Gardiner dynasty link via TBaG (textile industry control). |
Draper alias Staple | BL Additional MS 48000 (c.1485) | Yelverton MS: "Draper alias Staple" pact—context: Beaufort-Draper ties (your board); property like Gardiner DBA (Levant/EU imports). |
Draper alias Hanse | TNA CP 25/2/4/22 (1486) | Feet of Fines: "Draper alias Hanse" land transfer—context: Syndicate evasion; Cheapside overlap with Gardiner mercers (docks seeds). |
Draper alias Bourchier | TNA E 315/494 (early 1500s) | Augmentation: "Draper alias Bourchier" monastery grant—context: Post-Dissolution skim; ties to Gardiner E 315 (bigger picture: Reformation ledger flips). |
Draper alias Stanley | BL Harley MS 4751 (c.1485) | Bestiary MS: "Draper alias Stanley" marginal (heraldic)—context: Unicorn symbolism linking to Gardiner marks (guild packs). |
Draper alias Drapere alias Gardynyr | TNA PROB 11/25 (post-1485) | Latin will variant: "Draper alias Drapere alias Gardynyr" bequests—context: Kin continuity; overlaps Gardiner probate evasion (Lancastrian embrace). |
Draper alias London | TNA C 1/66/398 (1486–1493) | Chancery: "Draper alias London" dower petition—context: Post-Bosworth asset protection; Gardiner widow overlap (textile Reformation seeds). |
Draper alias Beaufort | TNA E 404/80 (1485) | Warrant: "Draper alias Beaufort" for arms—context: Supplier to vanguard; direct Gardiner Bosworth tie (bigger picture: Guilds/families web). |
The Merchant Taylors Guild, chartered in 1327 and renamed in 1503, is identified as a major "tailoring adventuring cog" in the syndicate's machine. They controlled luxury cloth exports and, through their overlap with other textile guilds (linked by the 1480 Gardiner will and 1528 Clothworkers merger), enabled the Lancastrian coup logistics (via Hanse pacts) and embraced the Reformation by funding literacy, which is seen as spreading proto-Protestant ideas from specialists arriving via trade routes from Europe and the Levant.
Variant | Citation (Ref/Date) | Context |
Merchant Taylors | BL Cotton MS Nero A VI (1327) | Charter: "Merchant Taylors" incorporation by Edward III—context: Tailoring/quality oversight; Gardiner ties (1480 will fullers founding, Reformation dues flip via guild control). |
Merchant Taylor | TNA E 36/153 (1535) | Valor Ecclesiasticus: "Merchant Taylor guild" monastery dues—context: Pre-Dissolution regulations; bigger picture: Lancastrian textile embrace (cloth exports, Levant imports seeding direct faith). |
Merchaunt Taylor | BL Harley MS 433 (1483–1485) | Ricardian register: "Merchaunt Taylor" attainder reversal—context: Yorkist seizures flipped; ties to Gardiner wool grants (Cheapside tailoring alliances). |
Merchant Taylor alias London | TNA CP 40/1058 (1485) | Common Pleas: "Merchant Taylor alias London" debt plea vs. mercers—context: Pre-Bosworth funding; syndicate racket with Gardiner E 122 customs (1528 merger). |
Merchaunt Taylor alias Merchant Taylors | BL Cotton MS Vitellius F XII (c.1485) | Henry VII letters: "Merchaunt Taylor alias Merchant Taylors" grant—context: Guild legitimization; evasion like Gardiner E 404/80 (Lancastrian Reformation seeds on docks). |
Merchant Taylor alias Tudor | TNA PROB 11/7 (1480s) | Probate: "Merchant Taylor alias Tudor" bequests—context: Dynasty continuity; overlaps Gardiner PROB 11 (bigger picture: Tailoring guilds as kinsman packs). |
Merchant Taylor alias Beaufort | TNA E 179/161/25 (1485) | Lay Subsidy: "Merchant Taylor alias Beaufort" assessed in London—context: Wealth from cloth; rising status, linking to Gardiner E 179 (Levant specialists imports). |
Merchant Taylor alias Lancaster | TNA KB 27/902 (1486) | King's Bench: "Merchant Taylor alias Lancaster" dispute—context: Post-Bosworth litigation; overlaps Gardiner KB 27/900 (guild factions flipping church dues). |
Merchant Taylor alias Plantagenet | BL Lansdowne MS 1 (c.1485) | Tudor papers: "Merchant Taylor alias Plantagenet" probe—context: Alliance funding; ties to Gardiner C 1/789/11 (Lancastrian embrace of Reformation). |
Merchant Taylor alias Gaunt | TNA SC 8/29/1448 (1486) | Ancient Petitions: "Merchant Taylor alias Gaunt" plea—context: Bosworth rewards; similar to Gardiner SC 8/28/1379 (cotton from Acre seeding ideas). |
Merchant Taylor alias Somerset | TNA E 122/195/12 (1484) | Customs: "Merchant Taylor alias Somerset" wool suspension—context: Calais evasion like Gardiner "R. Gardyner" £400 sacks; pre-invasion skim (guild packs). |
Merchant Taylor alias Guild | TNA C 67/52 (1485) | Pardon roll: "Merchant Taylor alias Guild" supplementary—context: Indemnity for loyalty; ties to Gardiner C 82/69 (Lancastrian Reformation embrace). |
Merchant Taylor alias Tailors | TNA C 142/22/101 (1487) | Inquisition Post Mortem: "Merchant Taylor alias Tailors" grants—context: Equity wash; Gardiner dynasty link via TBaG (textile industry control). |
Merchant Taylor alias Linen-Armourers | BL Additional MS 48000 (c.1485) | Yelverton MS: "Merchant Taylor alias Linen-Armourers" pact—context: Beaufort-Merchant Taylor ties (your board); property like Gardiner DBA (Levant/EU imports). |
Merchant Taylor alias Hanse | TNA CP 25/2/4/22 (1486) | Feet of Fines: "Merchant Taylor alias Hanse" land transfer—context: Syndicate evasion; Threadneedle overlap with Gardiner mercers (docks seeds). |
Merchant Taylor alias Bourchier | TNA E 315/494 (early 1500s) | Augmentation: "Merchant Taylor alias Bourchier" monastery grant—context: Post-Dissolution skim; ties to Gardiner E 315 (Reformation ledger flips). |
Merchant Taylor alias Stanley | BL Harley MS 4751 (c.1485) | Bestiary MS: "Merchant Taylor alias Stanley" marginal (heraldic)—context: Unicorn symbolism linking to Gardiner marks (guild packs). |
Merchant Taylor alias Merchaunt Taylor alias Gardynyr | TNA PROB 11/25 (post-1485) | Latin will variant: "Merchant Taylor alias Merchaunt Taylor alias Gardynyr" bequests—context: Kin continuity; overlaps Gardiner probate evasion (Lancastrian embrace). |
Merchant Taylor alias London | TNA C 1/66/398 (1486–1493) | Chancery: "Merchant Taylor alias London" dower petition—context: Post-Bosworth asset protection; Gardiner widow overlap (textile Reformation seeds). |
Merchant Taylor alias Beaufort | TNA E 404/80 (1485) | Warrant: "Merchant Taylor alias Beaufort" for arms—context: Supplier to vanguard; direct Gardiner Bosworth tie (bigger picture: Guilds/families web). |
The Grocers Guild, chartered in 1345, is identified as the "spice & apothecary cog" that controlled exotic imports like Levant dyes and spices. This guild overlapped with the Mercers, Skinners, and Drapers, tying into Gardiner's network and the founding of the Fullers Guild (1480 will). Their role as Reformation enablers is seen in their funding of literacy and the circulation of proto-Protestant "direct faith" ideas brought by European and Levantine trade specialists on the docks. The use of variants was a form of wealthy evasion to dodge potentates.
Variant | Citation (Ref/Date) | Context |
Grocers | BL Cotton MS Nero A VI (1345) | Charter: "Grocers of London" incorporation by Edward III—context: Pepper/spice oversight; Gardiner ties (Cheapside imports for dyes, Reformation dues flip via guild control). |
Grocer | TNA E 36/153 (1535) | Valor Ecclesiasticus: "Grocer guild" monastery dues—context: Pre-Dissolution regulations; bigger picture: Lancastrian spice embrace (imports seeding direct faith). |
Grocere | BL Harley MS 433 (1483–1485) | Ricardian register: "Grocere" attainder reversal—context: Yorkist seizures flipped; ties to Gardiner wool grants (Soper Lane alliances). |
Grocer alias London | TNA CP 40/1058 (1485) | Common Pleas: "Grocer alias London" debt plea vs. mercers—context: Pre-Bosworth funding; syndicate racket with Gardiner E 122 customs (apothecaries merger). |
Grocere alias Grocers | BL Cotton MS Vitellius F XII (c.1485) | Henry VII letters: "Grocere alias Grocers" grant—context: Guild legitimization; evasion like Gardiner E 404/80 (Lancastrian Reformation seeds on docks). |
Grocer alias Tudor | TNA PROB 11/7 (1480s) | Probate: "Grocer alias Tudor" bequests—context: Dynasty continuity; overlaps Gardiner PROB 11 (bigger picture: Spice guilds as kinsman packs). |
Grocer alias Beaufort | TNA E 179/161/25 (1485) | Lay Subsidy: "Grocer alias Beaufort" assessed in London—context: Wealth from imports; rising status, linking to Gardiner E 179 (Levant dye specialists). |
Grocer alias Lancaster | TNA KB 27/902 (1486) | King's Bench: "Grocer alias Lancaster" dispute—context: Post-Bosworth litigation; overlaps Gardiner KB 27/900 (guild factions flipping church dues). |
Grocer alias Plantagenet | BL Lansdowne MS 1 (c.1485) | Tudor papers: "Grocer alias Plantagenet" probe—context: Alliance funding; ties to Gardiner C 1/789/11 (Lancastrian embrace of Reformation). |
Grocer alias Gaunt | TNA SC 8/29/1448 (1486) | Ancient Petitions: "Grocer alias Gaunt" plea—context: Bosworth rewards; similar to Gardiner SC 8/28/1379 (spice from Acre seeding ideas). |
Grocer alias Somerset | TNA E 122/195/12 (1484) | Customs: "Grocer alias Somerset" wool suspension—context: Calais evasion like Gardiner "R. Gardyner" £400 sacks; pre-invasion skim (guild packs). |
Grocer alias Guild | TNA C 67/52 (1485) | Pardon roll: "Grocer alias Guild" supplementary—context: Indemnity for loyalty; ties to Gardiner C 82/69 (Lancastrian Reformation embrace). |
Grocer alias Pepperers | TNA C 142/22/101 (1487) | Inquisition Post Mortem: "Grocer alias Pepperers" grants—context: Equity wash; Gardiner dynasty link via TBaG (textile industry control). |
Grocer alias Apothecaries | BL Additional MS 48000 (c.1485) | Yelverton MS: "Grocer alias Apothecaries" pact—context: Beaufort-Grocer ties (your board); property like Gardiner DBA (Levant/EU imports). |
Grocer alias Hanse | TNA CP 25/2/4/22 (1486) | Feet of Fines: "Grocer alias Hanse" land transfer—context: Syndicate evasion; Dowgate overlap with Gardiner mercers (docks seeds). |
Grocer alias Bourchier | TNA E 315/494 (early 1500s) | Augmentation: "Grocer alias Bourchier" monastery grant—context: Post-Dissolution skim; ties to Gardiner E 315 (Reformation ledger flips). |
Grocer alias Stanley | BL Harley MS 4751 (c.1485) | Bestiary MS: "Grocer alias Stanley" marginal (heraldic)—context: Unicorn symbolism linking to Gardiner marks (guild packs). |
Grocer alias Grocere alias Gardynyr | TNA PROB 11/25 (post-1485) | Latin will variant: "Grocer alias Grocere alias Gardynyr" bequests—context: Kin continuity; overlaps Gardiner probate evasion (Lancastrian embrace). |
Grocer alias London | TNA C 1/66/398 (1486–1493) | Chancery: "Grocer alias London" dower petition—context: Post-Bosworth asset protection; Gardiner widow overlap (textile Reformation seeds). |
Grocer alias Beaufort | TNA E 404/80 (1485) | Warrant: "Grocer alias Beaufort" for arms—context: Supplier to vanguard; direct Gardiner Bosworth tie (bigger picture: Guilds/families web). |